Prevalence effects in visual research: Theoretical and practical implications

视觉研究中的流行效应：理论和实践意义

基本信息

批准号：
10181436
负责人：
Jeremy M Wolfe
金额：
$ 1.61万
依托单位：
BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
2020
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2020-03-01 至 2022-02-28
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

In medical exams, “incidental findings” are findings that should be noted but that are incidental to the purpose of the exam (e.g. looking for pneumonia and unexpectedly finding cancer). Missed incidental findings can have significant medical and legal consequences. These errors can be considered as “satisfaction of search” errors and are closely related to “inattentional blindness” in basic vision research. Such errors occur regularly in daily life, as when, after a search of the supermarket, you arrive home with the tomatoes, but not the basil. The goal of this proposal is to understand the conditions that produce incidental finding errors in socially-important search tasks and to use that understanding to generate interventions that can improve the efficiency of those searches and reduce failure rates. We will develop a laboratory model of incidental findings built on aspects of search behavior studied extensively in our lab in the prior grant period: First, we have studied “hybrid search” tasks in which observers search for multiple types of target at the same time, combining visual search and memory search. Second, we pioneered the study of human “foraging” search - search for an unknown numbers of instances of one target type (e.g. picking berries). Combining those two paradigms, we have studied “hybrid foraging” in which observers search for an unknown number of instances of multiple targets (analogous to some medical situations). Finally, we have extensively studied `prevalence effects'; the finding that rare items are found less successfully in search, simply as a function of their low prevalence. We have documented these prevalence effects in the lab, in baggage screening and in cancer screening. Building on this prior work, there are three specific aims: 1) We will combine hybrid search, foraging, and low prevalence methods into a model system to test the hypothesis that the structure of some clinical search tasks makes it more likely that incidental findings will be missed. We will compare our model system to radiologists' behavior and we will assess interventions to reduce these false negative errors. 2) We will use a second model system to study the impact of vigilance/time-on-task and interruption. Here we use signal detection methods to distinguish changes in detectability from criterion shifts. 3) Our Guided Search (GS) model has been a leading account of search performance in classic search tasks. The third aim is to have a GS model that can predict conditions that will produce high rates of incidental finding errors. More importantly, the model will be a tool that can be used to identify testable conditions that might minimize those errors. Our experiments will provide insights into fundamental processes of visual search and can lead to interventions that can be used to reduce a dangerous type of medical error.

在医学检查中，“偶然发现”是指应注意但偶然发生的发现。检查的目的（例如寻找肺炎并意外发现癌症）。这些结果可能会产生重大的医疗和法律后果。 “搜索满意度”错误与基本视力的“无意盲视”密切相关研究表明，此类错误在日常生活中经常发生，例如当您搜索完超市后，您发现了错误。带着西红柿回家，但没有罗勒本提案的目标是了解在具有社会重要性的搜索任务中产生偶然发现错误的条件并使用它了解产生干预措施，可以提高这些搜索的效率并减少我们将开发一个基于搜索方面的偶然发现的实验室模型。在之前的资助期间，我们的实验室主要研究了行为：首先，我们研究了“混合搜索” 观察者同时搜索多种类型目标的任务，结合视觉搜索其次，我们开创了人类“觅食”搜索的研究——寻找一个东西。一种目标类型的实例数量未知（例如，将这两种浆果结合起来）。范式中，我们研究了“混合觅食”，其中观察者寻找未知数量的最后，我们主要有多个目标的实例（类似于一些医疗情况）。研究了“流行效应”，发现稀有物品在搜索中不太成功，简单地说由于其患病率较低，我们已在实验室中记录了这些患病率的影响。在此之前的工作基础上，我们实现了三个具体目标： 1）我们将混合搜索、觅食和低流行方法结合到模型系统中进行测试假设某些临床搜索任务的结构使其更可能是偶然的我们将把我们的模型系统与放射科医生的行为进行比较，我们将会错过这些发现。评估干预措施以减少这些假阴性错误。 2）我们将使用第二个模型系统来研究警惕性/任务时间和中断的影响。在这里，我们使用信号检测方法来区分可检测性的变化和标准变化。 3) 我们的引导搜索（GS）模型一直是经典搜索性能的领先指标第三个目标是拥有一个可以预测产生条件的 GS 模型。偶然发现错误的比率很高，更重要的是，该模型将成为一个可以使用的工具。以确定可以最小化这些错误的可测试条件。我们的实验将提供对视觉搜索基本过程的见解，并可能导致可用于减少危险类型的医疗错误的干预措施。