Elucidating the legacy of early parent-child attachment: A new developmental synthesis of temperament, internal representation, and behavior

阐明早期亲子依恋的遗产：气质、内部表征和行为的新发展综合

• 批准号: 10215571
• 负责人: GRAZYNA KOCHANSKA
• 金额: $ 58.61万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF IOWA
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2017-09-01 至 2024-01-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10215571
• 关键词: Accounting; Address; Adolescence; Adult; Advocate; Anger; Assertiveness; Basic Science; Behavior; Biological; Characteristics; Child; Child Behavior; Child Rearing; Coercion; Cognition; Cognitive; Communities; Competence; Complex; Data; Development; Equation; Experimental Designs; Family; Family Study; Fathers; Feeling; Funding; Future; Genetic; Goals; Growth; Individuality; Infant; Intervention; Intervention Studies; Knowledge; Life; Link; Long-Term Effects; Longitudinal Studies; Measures; Methodology; Methods; Mind; Modeling; Molecular Genetics; Mothers; Motion; Negative Valence; Neighborhoods; Neurons; Outcome; Parent-Child Relations; Parents; Pathway interactions; Perception; Play; Population; Poverty; Prevention; Prevention program; Problem behavior; Process; Psychopathology; Public Health; Randomized; Recording of previous events; Reporting; Research; Risk; Rules of conduct; Science; Secure; Security; Socialization; Societies; Source; Structure; Temperament; Testing; Time; Toddler; Translational Research; Trust; Work; antisocial behavior; base; callous unemotional trait; catalyst; design; developmental psychology; early childhood; evidence base; expectation; experience; health goals; heuristics; high risk; high risk behavior; infancy; information processing; innovation; intervention program; novel; parental role; prevent; programs; social; social cognition; social skills; statistics; synergism; trait; welfare

ABSTRACT The overarching goal of this research is to promote children's positive, adaptive pathways of socioemotional development and to prevent maladaptive pathways. Our work explains why some children embark on positive paths toward prosocial, internalized, rule-abiding conduct, and robust social competence, whereas others enter maladaptive paths toward callousness, disregard for conduct rules and others' feelings, antisocial behavior, and impoverished competence. We focus on the parent-child early attachment relationship, formed in the first years of life, as a source of those divergent pathways, and we longitudinally chart its complex, indirect yet powerful, long-term implications. On the basis of our past and current work, correlational and experimental, in low- and high-risk families, we propose that although early parent-child attachment may not have long-term unqualified, direct effects, it nevertheless serves as a powerful catalyst or moderator of future dynamics unfolding between the parent and the child. Specifically, early attachment insecurity sets the stage for an adversarial, negative cascade. In insecure parent-child dyads, the child's difficult temperament easily triggers the parent's negative, coercive, power-assertive control, which, in turn, leads to maladaptive child outcomes. In contrast, early security sets the stage for positive, cooperative, effective socialization, and defuses risks of negative cascades. To elucidate mechanisms explaining those processes, we propose that the divergent cascades are due to parents' and children's differing internal representations, expectations, and perceptions of each other (Internal Working Models, or IWMs) that characterize insecure and secure dyads. Those IWMs then come to guide parents' and children's behavior and interactions. A new study of 200 community mothers, fathers, and infants, intensively assessed at 7-9, 15-17, 36-38, and 46-48 months, will test this model. Deploying state-of-the-science measures of parents' and children's social representations, in Aim 1 we examine their emerging negative or positive IWMs of each other as linked to their early insecure or secure attachment relationships. Those IWMs are then tested as key mechanisms accounting for divergent cascades that unfold in insecure and secure relationships. In Aim 2, we examine the parent's IWM of the child as moderating the link between child difficulty and parental control, and in Aim 3, we examine the child's IWM of the parent as moderating the link between parental control and child outcomes. Our team includes experts in socioemotional development, infant and adult cognition, molecular genetics, and methodology and statistics. In a multi-method, multi-level approach, we collect observational, genetic, and reported measures of parent and child social cognition, temperament, attachment, parental control, and children's outcomes. Analyses rely on structural equation modeling to elucidate mechanisms of divergent developmental cascades unfolding over time. This research will produce a novel, long-advocated, but yet to be realized, synthesis of attachment, temperament, internal representation, and behavior in pathways to children's adjustment.

抽象的 这项研究的总体目标是促进儿童的积极，适应性的社会情感途径 开发并防止适应不良的途径。我们的工作解释了为什么有些孩子开始积极 迈向亲社会，内在化，规则的行为和强大的社会能力的途径，而其他人 输入不良适应性的途径，走向冷酷无情，无视行为规则和其他人的感受，反社会 行为和贫困能力。我们专注于成立的亲子早期依恋关系 在生命的头几年，作为​​那些不同途径的来源，我们纵向绘制了它的复杂， 间接但有力的长期影响。根据我们的过去和当前工作，相关性和 实验性的，在低风险家庭中，我们建议，尽管早期亲子的依恋可能不会 具有长期不合格的直接效果，它仍然是强大的催化剂或未来的主持人 父母和孩子之间展开的动力。具体而言，早期的依恋不安全感设定了舞台 对于对抗性的负面级联。在不安全的亲子二元组中，孩子的艰难气质很容易 触发父母的负面，强制性，权力保证控制，这反过来导致适应不良的孩子 结果。相反，早期安全为积极，合作，有效的社会化和 造成负面级联反应的风险。为了阐明解释这些过程的机制，我们建议 不同的级联反应是由于父母和孩子的内部表征，期望的不同 对彼此的感知（内部工作模型或IWMS），表征了不安全和安全的二元组。 然后，这些IWM来指导父母的行为和互动。 200个研究 社区母亲，父亲和婴儿，以7-9、15-17、36-38和46-48个月进行了深入评估 测试此模型。在部署父母和子女社会表现的最先进的措施 目标1我们检查了他们彼此之间的负面或正面IWM，与他们的早期不安全或 安全的依恋关系。然后将这些IWM作为关键机制进行测试 在不安全和安全的关系中展现的级联。在AIM 2中，我们检查了父母的IWM 儿童调节儿童难度与父母控制之间的联系，在AIM 3中，我们检查了孩子的 父母的IWM可以调节父母控制与儿童结果之间的联系。我们的团队包括 社会情感发展，婴儿和成人认知，分子遗传学以及方法论的专家 统计数据。在多方法的多层次方法中，我们收集观察性，遗传和报告的措施 父母和孩子的社会认知，气质，依恋，父母控制和儿童的结果。 分析依靠结构方程建模来阐明发育级联的机制 随着时间的流逝而展开。这项研究将产生一种新颖的，长期倡导但尚未实现的，综合 依恋，气质，内部表示和行为在儿童调整的途径中。