Noncanonical regulatory mechanisms in cell biology

细胞生物学中的非常规调节机制

• 批准号: 10206358
• 负责人: Lynn COOLEY
• 金额: $ 59.87万
• 依托单位: YALE UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2021-05-01 至 2026-04-30
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10206358
• 关键词: Adult; Animals; Area; Behavioral Assay; Biological; Biological Assay; Biological Phenomena; Biology; Biotinylation; Cell division; Cell membrane; Cells; Cellular biology; Characteristics; Cis-Acting Sequence; Cytokinesis; Cytoskeleton; Development; Drosophila genus; Excision; Female; Genes; Genetic; Genetic Screening; Germ Cells; Giant Cells; Image; Larva; Learning; Lymphoproliferative Disorders; Mass Spectrum Analysis; Messenger RNA; Mitosis; Molecular; Nerve; Neuraxis; Neurons; ORF2 protein; Oogenesis; Open Reading Frames; Outcome; Ovarian; Ovary; Peptides; Phenotype; Process; Proliferating; Proteins; Proteome; Regulation; Research; Ribosomes; Structure; Terminator Codon; Testis; Tissues; Trans-Activators; Translations; daughter cell; egg; intercellular communication; interest; male; programs; ribosome profiling; sperm cell; stem; success

Project summary: This project expands on decades of success elucidating the genetic and molecular underpinnings of intercellular communication and cytoskeletal remodeling in gamete development in females and males. We propose research in two interesting areas: 1) the inhibition of cellular abscission during cytokinesis of dividing germline cells, and 2) the molecular regulation and functional significance of highly efficient tissue-specific stop codon readthrough during protein translation. Proliferating germline cells in animal ovaries and testes characteristically fail to complete abscission, leading to cell clusters that remain connected by intercellular bridges, called ring canals. Incomplete cytokinesis also occurs in several lymphoproliferative disorders, highlighting the importance of understanding how this noncanonical endpoint to mitosis is controlled. Using live imaging of germline mitosis in the Drosophila testis, we discovered a previously unknown intermediate step in ring canal formation involving a midbody-like structure that remodels into a channel between daughter cells. To learn how this maturation step occurs and how the molecular machinery that drives abscission is inhibited from localizing to midbodies, we will use localized biotinylation to identify midbody components and probe the genetic requirement for proteins known to function during cytokinesis. We will also use localized biotinlylation to identify ring canal proteins at the plasma membrane-cytoskeleton interface. Our interest in stop codon readthrough stems from our extensive analysis of the kelch gene and its function during oogenesis. The kelch mRNA encodes a large open reading frame (ORF) punctuated by a single stop codon. In ovaries, translation terminates at the stop to produce a ring canal protein and there is no apparent function for the second ORF. In contrast, we have observed remarkably high efficiency stop codon readthrough in nerves of the central nervous system (CNS) of larvae and adults, producing abundant ORF1+ORF2 protein. Furthermore, kelch and several other genes in Drosophila display efficient stop codon readthrough specifically in the CNS, suggesting the presence of many proteins with carboxy-terminal extensions of unknown function. We will systematically analyze the scope and scale of stop codon readthrough using ribosome profiling of neuronal tissue and mass spectrometry of total protein lysates to identify readthrough peptides. To define the mechanism of readthrough, we will use genetic screens to investigate both stimulatory cis-acting sequences flanking stop codons in readthrough genes and trans-acting factors. Finally, to understand the function of neuronal stop codon readthrough, we will use gene editing to ablate ORF2 from kelch and several other genes and carefully analyze phenotypes using cell biological and behavioral assays. This research program will lead to discoveries concerning the fundamental cell biological and genetic mechanisms that regulate important noncanonical biological phenomena – an alternate ending to cytokinesis that produces syncytia of animal germline cells and ribosomal readthrough of stop codons that expands the neuronal proteome.

项目摘要：该项目在数十年阐明遗传和分子生​​物学的成功经验的基础上进行了扩展。 女性配子发育中细胞间通讯和细胞骨架重塑的基础 我们建议在两个领域进行研究：1）抑制细胞脱落。 分裂生殖细胞的胞质分裂，2）高度的分子调控和功能意义 动物增殖生殖细胞过程中有效的组织特异性终止密码子通读。 卵巢和测试通常无法完全脱离，导致细胞簇保持连接 通过细胞间桥，称为环管，不完全胞质分裂也发生在几种淋巴增殖性细胞中。 疾病，强调了了解如何控制这种有丝分裂的非规范终点的重要性。 通过对果蝇睾丸种系有丝分裂的实时成像，我们发现了一个以前未知的 环管形成的中间步骤，涉及重塑为通道的中间体结构 了解这个成熟步骤如何发生以及驱动的分子机制如何。 脱落被抑制定位到中间体，我们将使用局部生物素化来识别中间体 我们还将探讨已知在胞质分裂过程中发挥作用的蛋白质的遗传需求。 使用局部生物素化来识别质膜-细胞骨架界面的环管蛋白。 对终止密码子通读的兴趣源于我们对 kelch 基因及其功能的广泛分析 kelch mRNA 编码一个大的开放阅读框（ORF），中间有一个终止密码子。 卵巢，翻译终止于产生环管蛋白的位置，并且没有明显的功能 相比之下，我们在神经中观察到令人惊讶的高效终止密码子通读。 幼虫和成虫的中枢神经系统（CNS），产生丰富的ORF1+ORF2蛋白。 此外，kelch 和果蝇中的其他几个基因特异性地表现出有效的终止密码子通读 在中枢神经系统中，表明存在许多具有未知功能的羧基末端延伸的蛋白质。 我们将使用核糖体分析系统地分析终止密码子通读的范围和规模 神经元组织和总蛋白裂解物的质谱分析以确定通读肽。 通读机制，我们将使用遗传筛选来研究刺激顺式作用序列 最后，了解通读基因和反式作用因子中的侧翼终止密码子的功能。 神经元终止密码子通读，我们将使用基因编辑从 kelch 和其他几个基因中消除 ORF2 并使用细胞生物学和行为分析仔细分析表型。 有关调节重要细胞的基本细胞生物学和遗传机制的发现 非典型的生物现象——产生动物合胞体的胞质分裂的另一种结局 生殖细胞和核糖体通读终止密码子，扩展神经元蛋白质组。