The Influence of Socio-Economic Institutions on the Risk Recognition of Entre- and Intra-preneurs : Cases of Japan's High Technology Industries

社会经济制度对企业家和内部企业家风险识别的影响：日本高科技产业的案例

• 批准号: 17330068
• 负责人: OKADA Yoshitaka
• 金额: $ 3.66万
• 依托单位: Sophia University
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
• 财政年份: 2005
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2005 至 2007
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-17330068/
• 关键词: risk recognition; entrepreneurs; intra-preneurs; socio-economic institutions; institutional mechanisms; nano; bio; semiconductor; リスク認識; リスク心理学; 企業家; 支援体制; 補完性

Although Japanese are often said to be risk averse, an increasing number of companies successfully engaging in high technology innovation have been reported. Why? Institutions, which become the base of human value orientation, restrict human behavior path-dependently, but other institutions often develop complementary mechanisms to reduce a sense of risk and encourage risk-taking behavior. This research tries to find complementary mechanisms among risk attitudes, institutions, and inter-firm relations by interviewing entrepreneurs, intrapreneurs, and managers in high-risk projects in the nano, bio, and semiconductor industries, and to identify a risk governance structure for managing technology innovation.By analyzing interviewees' risk attitudes and companies' organizational characteristics, this research statistically identified four complementary models. (1) The Internal Business Control Model has two opposite examples:(1a) companies increase family ownership and a proportion of low … More -risk business sales, stabilize their operations first, and then allocate surplus resources to high technology innovations; or (1b) parent companies increase their ownership, control and financial support to allow their outside ventures to focus on high-risk businesses. These cases, given their risk hedging mechanisms, do not increase interviewees' sense of risk. (2) The R&D Risk Model pushes companies to increase a proportion of their R&D expenditure in their sales and face a higher level of risk. But it results in either speeding up their reach to the market or making them aware of the stage of technology development. Consequently, they become less over self-confident and successfully reduce a sense of high risk. (3) The Venture Capital (VC) Firm Risk Model allows VC firms to reduce the financial risk of companies, while their pressure for short-term gains increases a sense of risk on the part of interviewees. (4) The IPO Model uses the stock market for companies to raise necessary fund. This practice strengthens the interviewees' self control over risky behavior. But in reality, companies which successfully achieved IPOs rather face performance difficulties, requiring them also to rely on VC firms. Hence, IPO companies end up facing a similar condition as the VC Firm Model. These findings seem to suggest that the first two models are effective and efficient, but in reality such situations are rather rare to find, forcing companies to depend on VC firms. Consequently, even IPO companies end up increasing a sense of risk without increasing due self control over management. Though still under investigation, the first two models seem to involve many types of traditional inter-firm relations which facilitate technology innovation. These findings suggest the sources of dynamics and efficiency in the Japanese type of technology innovation and provide some important insights to entrepreneurs, intrapreneurs, managers in high-risk projects, scholars and policy makers. Less

尽管据说日本人通常会冒险冒险，但据报道，越来越多的公司成功从事高科技创新。为什么？成为人类价值取向的基础的机构依赖人类行为限制了人类行为，但是其他机构经常开发完整的机制来降低风险感并鼓励冒险行为。这项研究试图通过访谈纳米，生物和半导体行业的高风险项目中的企业家，企业内部和管理人员来寻找风险参与者，机构和企业间关系之间的完整机制，并确定分析受访者的管理人员的识别模型，以确定风险管理的风险治理结构。 （1）内部业务控制模型有两个相反的示例：（1A）公司增加了家族所有权和一部分低……更多的风险业务销售，首先稳定其运营，然后将剩余资源分配给高科技创新；或（1B）母公司增加其所有权，控制和财政支持，以使其外部企业能够专注于高风险业务。鉴于其风险对冲机制，这些案件不会增加受访者的风险意识。 （2）研发风险模型促使公司在销售中增加其研发支出的一部分，并面临更高的风险水平。但是，这会导致他们可以加速他们进入市场的影响力，或者使他们意识到技术开发的阶段。因此，它们变得越来越多地自信，并成功地降低了高风险的感觉。 （3）风险投资（VC）公司风险模型允许风险投资公司降低公司的财务风险，而短期收益的压力会增加受访者的风险感。 （4）IPO模型使用股票市场来筹集必要的基金。这种做法使受访者对风险行为的自我控制能力得到了增强。但实际上，成功实现IPO的公司面临性能困难，要求他们依靠风险投资公司。因此，IPO公司最终面临与风险投资公司模型相似的条件。这些发现似乎表明前两个模型具有有效效率，但实际上，这种情况很少见，迫使公司依靠VC公司。因此，即使是IPO公司最终也会增加风险感，而不会增加对管理的自我控制。尽管仍在调查中，但前两个模型似乎涉及许多类型的传统企业间关系，这些关系设施技术创新。这些发现暗示了日本技术创新类型的动态和效率的来源，并为企业家，企业家，高风险项目，学者和政策制定者的经理提供了一些重要的见解。较少的