A Study of the Isomorphism of the Concepts and Acts of Self-Sacrifice, Self-Alienation, and Love

自我牺牲、自我异化与爱的概念与行为的同构研究

基本信息

批准号：
14510052
负责人：
TAMURA Hitoshi
金额：
$ 1.92万
依托单位：
Nagoya University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
2002
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2002 至 2004
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

The concepts of self-sacrifice, self-alienation and love have the common ideational structure that consists in the combination of actual self-negation and imaginary self-realization. The paradoxical structure of self-realization through self-negation can be regarded as the basic scheme which lies beneath almost all human social interactions. It is this paradoxical structure that the research was planned to deal with.In 2002,I tackled the methodological problem of early anthropology. Franz Boas and his disciples were the first anthropologists that tried to understand the structure of human social interaction with the scientific method. I took Ruth Benedict's Patterns of Culture as the representative of their methodological arrangements. I found that her criticism of the Western civilization and recommendation of cultural relativism was constructed upon the equality, liberty, and autonomy of an individual. In other words, even the Boazian anthropologists could not escape the modern Weste … More rn philosophical myth as long as they took the autonomous individual as the common basis for any human society. The paradoxical relation of self-negation and self-realization could not be grasped unless the analysis of autonomy should be done. It is because the concept of autonomy already contains the paradoxical structure in it.In 2003,I tackled the problem of development of self-awareness in children. During last two decades, developmental psychologists have been trying to understand the acquisition of the ‘theory of mind' in childhood. One of the most interesting results of their study is the discovery of the fact that most of the children under four-year-old cannot attribute a false belief to people, not only to others but also to themselves. The fact is at odds with the common philosophical assumption that a human being has the privileged access to her own thoughts. The psychologists tell us that at least some aspect of the awareness of one's own mind must be an outcome of one and the same cognitive system that makes it possible for us to understand others' thoughts in their mind. The self consciousness is not a simple entity but a complex one made up of many developmental strands. The paradoxical structure could be brought about through the conflicts between the multiple strata of the self consciousness.In 2004,I tackled the problem of self-sacrifice. I dealt with Mark Carl Overvold's argument. He shows us that it is inevitable for us to accept the multiplicity of the conception of self unless we like to fall into a contradiction whenever we talk about self-interest and self-sacrifice.In the light of Overvold's argument, we can give a cogent account for an act of self-sacrifice, for example, the act of Father Maximiliano Kolbe. When he wanted to be killed in place of another prisoner in the Concentration Camp in Auschwitz, he did not look forward to increasing his self-interest in an oblique way but made a truly altruistic act of self-sacrifice. In this case, however, we witness a scene in which the creed of pure altruistic love deprives the man of his own life. It is true that an act of self-sacrifice is an act of love but it is also an act of self-alienation in that the ideal of pure love could alienate a person's life from the very person. The paradoxical structure of self-realization through self-negation emerges from the conflicts between the multiple strata of the conception of self. Less

自我牺牲、自我异化和爱的概念具有共同的观念结构，即现实的自我否定和想象的自我实现相结合，通过自我否定实现自我的悖论结构可以被视为基本结构。这项研究计划要解决的正是这种自相矛盾的结构。2002 年，我解决了弗朗茨·博阿斯和他的早期人类学的方法论问题。我的弟子们是第一批试图用科学方法来理解人类社会互动结构的人类学家，我以露丝·本尼迪克特的《文化模式》为代表，他们的方法论安排我发现她对西方文明的批评和对文化相对主义的推崇。换句话说，只要波兹派人类学家将自主个体视为任何人类社会的共同基础，他们就无法摆脱现代西方哲学神话。除非对自主性进行分析，否则就无法把握自我否定与自我实现的悖论关系，因为自主性概念本身已经包含了悖论结构。2003年，我解决了自我发展的问题。在过去的二十年中，发展心理学家一直试图了解儿童时期“心理理论”的获得，他们的研究最有趣的结果之一是发现大多数儿童都缺乏意识。四岁的孩子不能将错误的信念归因于他人，不仅归因于他人，也归因于他们自己。事实与人类拥有了解自己想法的特权的普遍哲学假设相矛盾。至少一个人自己心灵的意识的某些方面必须是同一个认知系统的结果，该认知系统使我们能够理解他人心灵中的想法。自我意识不是一个简单的实体，而是一个复杂的实体。可以带来许多发展线索。 2004年，我处理了马克·卡尔·奥弗沃德的论点，他向我们展示了我们不可避免地要接受多重性的概念。自我，除非我们在谈论自利和自我牺牲时喜欢陷入矛盾。根据奥弗沃德的论证，我们可以对以下行为给出一个令人信服的解释：自我牺牲，例如马克西米利亚诺·科尔贝神父在奥斯维辛集中营想要代替另一名囚犯被杀时，他并不希望以间接的方式增加自己的私利，而是做出了自我牺牲。然而，在这种情况下，我们目睹了一个场景，纯粹的无私之爱的信条剥夺了一个人的生命。自我牺牲是一种爱的行为，但它也是一种自我异化的行为，因为纯粹的爱的理想可能使一个人的生活与这个人疏远。通过自我否定实现自我的矛盾结构是从冲突中产生的。自我概念的多个层次之间。

项目成果

期刊论文数量（10）

专著数量（0）

科研奖励数量（0）

会议论文数量（0）

专利数量（0）

功利主義者が自己犠牲をするとき

当功利主义者牺牲自己时

DOI：
发表时间：
2005
期刊：
名古屋大学文学部研究論集 153
影响因子：
0
作者：
田村均
通讯作者：
田村均

私は考えるとは、何をすることか?

当我思考时我会做什么？

DOI：
发表时间：
2004
期刊：
名古屋大学文学部研究論集 150
影响因子：
0
作者：
田村均;Hitoshi TAMURA;Hitoshi TAMURA;Hitoshi TAMURA;田村均
通讯作者：
田村均

What Am I Doing When I Am Thinking?

当我思考时我在做什么？

DOI：
发表时间：
2004
期刊：
Journal of the Faculty of Letters, Nagoya University Vol.150
影响因子：
0
作者：
田村均;Hitoshi TAMURA;Hitoshi TAMURA;Hitoshi TAMURA;田村均;Hitoshi TAMURA
通讯作者：
Hitoshi TAMURA

Utilitarianism and Self-Sacrifice

功利主义与自我牺牲

DOI：
发表时间：
2005
期刊：
Journal of the Faculty of Letters, Nagoya University Vol.153
影响因子：
0
作者：
田村均;Hitoshi TAMURA;Hitoshi TAMURA
通讯作者：
Hitoshi TAMURA

Ruth Benedict's Philosophical Commitment

露丝·本尼迪克特的哲学承诺

DOI：
发表时间：
2003
期刊：
Journal of the Faculty of Letters, Nagoya University Vol.147
影响因子：
0
作者：
田村均;Hitoshi TAMURA;Hitoshi TAMURA;Hitoshi TAMURA;田村均;Hitoshi TAMURA;田村均;Hitoshi TAMURA
通讯作者：
Hitoshi TAMURA