Science Studies on Nishida's Philosophy

西田哲学的科学研究

• 批准号: 10610003
• 负责人: NOE Keiichi
• 金额: $ 1.66万
• 依托单位: TOHOKU UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 1998
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1998 至 1999
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-10610003/
• 关键词: pure experience; logic of place; acting intuition; intuitionism; operationalism; foundations of mathematics; philosophy of science; predicative world; 絶対矛盾的自己同一

Kitaro Nishida's philosophy of science is nothing but an original response to the controversy concerning "the crisis of science" in the early twentieth century. At that time in Europe, Russell discovered the paradox of set theory and it drove the basis of mathematics into a corner. Moreover Einstein's relativity theory radically changed our concept of space and time, and the development of quantum mechanics casted doubt on the concept of causality. Nishida tried to reexamine these problems from the viewpoint of "acting intuition."Surveying the controversy about foundations of mathematics, Nishida rejected Russell's position of "logicism," on the grounds that it was lacking in insights into the role of intuition. On the other hand, Nishida evaluated Brouwer's "intuitionism" to a certain extent. But he suggested to substitute his concept of "acting-intuition" for Brouwer's "basic intuition." Generally speaking, Nishida did not necessarily succeed in applying "acting-intuition" to mathematical knowledge. For "acting-intuition" is originally a practical concept which depends on our bodily acts.On the contrary, the concept of "acting-intuition" properly functions in the field of physics. Because, physics is a discipline which investigates a structure of objects by means of experimental operations. Based upon Bridgman's "operationalism," Nishida insisted that "there is not a physical world without practical acts of bodily selves." He elucidated the epistemological significance of quantum mechanics from this viewpoint. According to him, the law of causality in physics is no more than a special version of "historical causality." Finally, Nishida reached the position of "radical positivism" which was expressed by a term "phenomenon=reality."

西田几多郎的科学哲学无非是对20世纪初“科学危机”争论的独到回应。当时在欧洲，罗素发现了集合论的悖论，它把数学基础推向了绝境。此外，爱因斯坦的相对论从根本上改变了我们对空间和时间的概念，量子力学的发展对因果关系的概念产生了怀疑。西田试图从“行动直觉”的角度重新审视这些问题。在审视有关数学基础的争论时，西田拒绝了罗素的“逻辑主义”立场，理由是它缺乏对直觉作用的洞察。另一方面，西田在一定程度上评价了布劳威尔的“直觉主义”。但他建议用他的“行动直觉”概念代替布劳威尔的“基本直觉”。一般来说，西田不一定能成功地将“行动直觉”应用于数学知识。因为“行动直觉”本来是一个依赖于我们的身体行为的实用概念。相反，“行动直觉”的概念在物理学领域中正确地发挥作用。因为，物理学是一门通过实验操作来研究物体结构的学科。基于布里奇曼的“操作主义”，西田坚持认为“不存在没有身体自我的实际行为的物理世界”。他从这个观点阐释了量子力学的认识论意义。在他看来，物理学中的因果律只不过是“历史因果律”的特殊版本。最后，西田达到了“激进实证主义”的立场，用“现象=现实”一词来表达。

项目成果

野家 啓一: "言語の限界と理性の限界"叢書「転換期のフィロソフィー」(ミネルヴァ書房). 第1巻. 215-238 (1999)

野谷圭一：“语言的极限和理性的极限”系列“转型时期的哲学”（密涅瓦书房）卷1. 215-238（1999）。

野家 啓一: "解説:西田幾多郎の科学哲学"西田哲学選集(燈影舎). 第2巻. 453-495 (1998)

野谷圭一：《阐释：西田几多郎的科学哲学》西田哲学选集（东英社）第2卷。453-495（1998）。

Keiichi Noe: "Transfiguration of Sciences and its Redifinition (in Japanese)"Science/Technology and Human Being, Iwanami Shoten. Vol.1. 93-125 (1999)

Keiichi Noe：“科学的变形及其重新定义（日语）”科学/技术与人类，岩波书店。

野家啓一: "科学の変貌と再定義"「岩波講座・科学/技術と人間」(岩波書店). 1. 93-125 (1999)

野谷敬一：“科学的转变和重新定义”“岩波讲座：科学/技术与人文”（岩波书店）1. 93-125（1999）。

野家啓一: "中村哲学と述語的世界―西田哲学と三木哲学を超えて―"フランス哲学・思想研究. 4(近刊).

野谷圭一：“中村的哲学和谓语世界——超越西田和三木的哲学”法国哲学和思想研究4（即将出版）。