National Integration and Minority Groups in the First Half of 20th Century in Brazil : African-Brazilians and Japanese-Brazilians in a "Mulatto Society"

20世纪上半叶巴西的民族融合与少数民族:“黑白混血社会”中的非洲裔巴西人和日本裔巴西人

• 批准号: 09610382
• 负责人: SUZUKI Shigeru
• 金额: $ 1.41万
• 依托单位: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 1997
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1997 至 1999
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-09610382/
• 关键词: nationalism; African-Brazilian; Japanese-Brazilian; immigration; official multi-culturalism; race; ethnicity; abolitionism; 人種; 黒人史; 日本人移民; ブラジル; レイシズム; 多文化主義; 黒人運動; マイノリティ; 1934年憲法; 移民制限; 国民統合; 日系人; 黒人; 混血

In this research project, we investigated the historical backgrounds of so-called "racial and ethnic generosity" of the contemporary Brazilian society which is often considered one of the most generous society in terms of racial and ethnic diversity, as well as self-images and movements for civil rights of the racial and ethnic minorities that have really existed in the Brazilian society. Among others, we picked up two minority groups that can be said have particular characteristics as non-European origin : African-Brazilians and Japanese-Brazilians. And we analyzed mainly these three issues : (1) Ideas and reality of the nationalism reflected in the immigration and labor policies ; (2) Formation of consciousness of racial and ethnic minorities of African- and Japanese-Brazilians and their organization as communities ; (3) Introduction and interpretation of "racial theories" and advent of the idea of "mulatto society". As a result, we revealed the process of introduction and interpretation of racial thoughts (or racialism) in Brazil through Abolitionist movement in the second half of 19th Century and debates on the ways by which "freedmen" would be integrated as citizens into the "national" society of Brazil. On the other hand, we discussed that Vargas's policy of nationalist tendency, that is policy of national integration expressed in such as so-called "2% article" of the Brazilian Constitution of 1934 caused some cleavage between the Japanese residents in Brazil and Japanese authorities over the image of "racial and ethnic generosity", while stimulated formation of Japanese community as new ethnicity in the Brazilian society in that period.

在该研究项目中，我们调查了当代巴西社会所谓的“种族和种族慷慨”的历史背景，这在种族和种族多样性方面通常被认为是最慷慨的社会之一，以及在巴西社会中真正存在的种族和族裔少数民族的公民权利的自我形象和运动。除其他外，我们挑选了两个可以说具有非欧洲血统的特征的少数群体：非洲 - 巴西人和日裔巴西人。我们主要分析了这三个问题：（1）反映在移民和劳动政策中的民族主义的思想和现实； （2）形成非洲和日裔巴西人的种族和少数民族的意识及其作为社区的组织； （3）介绍和解释“种族理论”和“ Mulatto Society”思想的出现。结果，我们在19世纪下半叶通过废奴运动揭示了对巴西种族思想（或种族主义）的引入和解释的过程，并辩论“自由人”将作为“公民”纳入巴西“国家”社会的方式。另一方面，我们讨论了瓦尔加斯（Vargas）的民族主义趋势政策，即1934年巴西宪法所谓的“ 2％文章”所表达的民族融合政策，在巴西的日本居民和日本当局之间在“种族和族裔慷慨”的形象上造成了一些刺激的社区形式，以新的社区形式进行了新的现象。

项目成果

SUZUKI, Shigeru: "What the Abolitionist Movement in Brazil Looked For : Joaquim Nabuco and his Thought"Ritsumeikan Language and Culture. Vil. XII, No. 1 (Forthcoming).

铃木茂：“巴西废奴运动寻找什么：若阿金·纳布科和他的思想”立命馆语言和文化。

鈴木 茂: "「「黒人問題」の発見-ブラジルから見た帝国意識」" 北川勝彦・平田雅博(編)「帝国意識の解剖学」(世界思想社). 227-256 (1999)

铃木茂：“‘黑人问题’的发现——巴西视角下的帝国意识”Katsuhiko Kitakawa 和 Masahiro Hirata（编）《帝国意识解剖》（Sekai Shisosha）227-256（1999）。

鈴木 茂: "「語りはじめた『人種』-ラテンアメリカ社会と人種概念」"清水透編『<南>から見た世界5、ラテンアメリカ』(大月書店). 13-40 (1999)

铃木茂：“‘种族’已经开始被谈论——拉丁美洲社会和种族概念”Toru Shimizu（主编），《从南方看世界》5，拉丁美洲（大月书店）13-40（1999）。 ）

鈴木 茂: "政治化する「人種」と官製多文化主義"神奈川大学評論. 33号. 45-53 (1999)

铃木茂：“政治化‘种族’和官方多元文化主义”神奈川大学评论 33, 45-53 (1999)。

SUZUKI, Shigeru: "Discovering 'Negro Question' : Imperialism seen from Brazil"in Kitagawa, Katsuhiko & Hirata, Masahiro eds., Anatomy of Imperialism, Sekai-Shiso-Sha. 227-256 (1999)

铃木茂：“发现‘黑人问题’：从巴西看帝国主义”，北川胜彦