The psychological implications of co-opetition

合作竞争的心理影响

• 批准号: 509427346
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Kai Sassenberg
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Leibniz-Institut für Psychologie (ZPID)
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 资助国家: 德国
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/509427346?language=en
• 关键词: psychological; implications; co; opetition

Laypeople tend to perceive cooperation and competition as opposite poles of one dimension. Psychological research often compares situations that suggest cooperation (because they are characterized by positive interdependence) with situations that suggest competition (because they are characterized by negative interdependence). However, many real-world situations involve positive and negative interdependence between people. For example, employees on a team must cooperate while competing for promotion or recognition from superiors, or team athletes practice together while competing for a place on the team in the next game. Such situations, which require cooperation and competition simultaneously, are called co-opetition. In recent years, the management literature has extensively addressed the implementation and economic effects of inter-firm co-opetition. However, the psychological effects of co-opetition have hardly been studied. This project aims to contribute to closing this gap. The focus is on the effects of co-opetition on human information processing. More specifically, three goals are pursued: (1) Given the conflicting demands associated with co-opetition, co-opetition should lead to increased cognitive flexibility. We investigate whether this is the case and which form of flexibility is affected by co-opetition. (2) Cognitive flexibility can help avoid biases in decision making. For instance, it may contribute to the avoidance of stereotyping and confirmation bias. Based on this, the purpose here is to examine whether co-opetition contributes to avoiding biases in decision making. (3) Previous research on co-opetition (including the work planned here on Objectives 1 & 2) has mainly examined its effect on information processing in subsequent situations (so-called carry-over or mindset effects). The aim here is to test whether flexibility is higher and biases in information processing are lower in a situation characterized by co-opetition. We plan to conduct three series with 13 online and laboratory experiments to achieve these goals. In each experiment, we will compare the outcomes of co-opetition to those of (a) competition, (b) cooperation, and (c) a performance situation without positive or negative interdependence. The insights gained will contribute to a better understanding of the effects of everyday situations characterized by co-opetition. Potential follow-up projects should especially investigate the long-term effects of co-opetition in every day (work) life.

外行人倾向于将合作和竞争视为一个维度的相反两极。心理学研究经常将建议合作的情况（因为它们的特点是积极的相互依赖）与建议竞争的情况（因为它们的特点是消极的相互依赖）进行比较。然而，许多现实世界的情况涉及人与人之间积极和消极的相互依赖。例如，团队中的员工在竞争晋升或上级认可时必须相互配合，或者团队运动员在竞争下一场比赛的团队席位时一起练习。这种同时需要合作和竞争的情况称为合作竞争。近年来，管理文献广泛讨论了企业间合作的实施和经济影响。然而，合作竞争的心理影响却很少被研究。该项目旨在为缩小这一差距做出贡献。重点是合作竞争对人类信息处理的影响。更具体地说，追求三个目标：（1）考虑到与合作竞争相关的相互冲突的需求，合作竞争应该导致认知灵活性的增加。我们调查是否属于这种情况以及哪种形式的灵活性受到合作竞争的影响。 (2)认知灵活性有助于避免决策偏差。例如，它可能有助于避免刻板印象和确认偏见。基于此，本文的目的是检验竞合是否有助于避免决策偏差。 （3）以往关于竞合的研究（包括这里计划的目标1和2的工作）主要考察了竞合对后续情况下的信息处理的影响（所谓的结转效应或心态效应）。这里的目的是测试在竞合的情况下，灵活性是否更高，信息处理的偏差是否更低。我们计划开展三个系列的 13 项在线和实验室实验来实现这些目标。在每个实验中，我们将合作竞争的结果与（a）竞争、（b）合作和（c）没有积极或消极相互依赖的绩效情况的结果进行比较。获得的见解将有助于更好地理解以合作竞争为特征的日常情况的影响。潜在的后续项目应特别调查合作竞争对日常生活（工作）的长期影响。