Ungulate domestication and early animal husbandry in the Upper Euphrates basin

幼发拉底河上游盆地有蹄类动物的驯化和早期畜牧业

• 批准号: 46547580
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Joris Peters
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Lehrstuhl für Paläoanatomie, Domestikationsforschung und Geschichte der Tiermedizin
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2007
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2006-12-31 至 2010-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/46547580?language=en
• 关键词: Ungulate; domestication; early; animal; husbandry

In large parts of the Fertile Crescent, the expansion of grasslands at the end of the Pleistocene had a profound impact on human subsistence, including the emergence of sedentism. While at this stage, hunting of grazing or mixed grazing-browsing wild herbivores provided the bulk of animal proteins, the early Holocene witnessed the domestication of Ov«, Capra, Sus, and Bos, and hence the emergence of livestock husbandry. Recognised recently as one of the key regions with respect to the Neolithic Revolution , our project aimed at a better understanding of the economic and environmental (pre)conditions prevailing in the northem Fertile Crescent from Natufian until PPN times, with a particular research focus on the early stages of ungulate domestication and livestock husbandry in the Upper Euphrates basin.Objectives: To (1) establish a more precise chronology for changes in the human-ruminant relationship in the study area, (2) reconstmct the environmental conditions characterising the Upper Euphrates basin during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, (3) trace the radius and geographic origin of PPN humans, game species and early domesticates from archaeological contexts; and (4) investigate the spreading of early animal husbandry beyond the Upper Euphrates basin. To answer these issues, macroscopic, microscopic, and biomolecular analyses would be applied to fmal Pleistocene and early Holocene human and animal remains from sites in SE-Anatolia and N-Syria in order to trace diachronic and regional changes in ungulate exploitation pattems, herbivore body mass, stable isotope signatures, and mtDNA diversity in early livestock and their wild relatives. Bone specimens would be submitted for *C-dating to provide a more precise timeframe for marked anthropogenic influences on the life cycles of food animals.In the first two years ofthe project, archaeozoological research would comprise yäiz/ia/ analysis ofthe assemblages excavated at Göbekli Tepe, Gürcütepe (sites II and III) and Mezraa-Teleilat in SE-Anatolia and Baaz and Kaus Kozah in Syria. Faunal data generated in the field and in the Munich and Tübingen labs would be entered into compatible databases. In this respect, compatibility of field recording methods was considered an important desideratum as well, a workshop being planned in order to assemble the major teams working on Natufian till PPN faunal remains in the Near East. Finally, a common metrical database for ungulates from Natufian till Neolithic contexts in Anatolia and Syria would be created, in close collaboration with the French, Spanish and other teams working in the study area.Biomolecular research would include stable isotope analysis and mtDNA research. Stable isotope analysis (C, O, N) would be applied to specify the feeding habits of all major vertebrate taxa (including humans) and to reconstmct the local environmental and climatic conditions prevailing prior, during and after the incorporation of animal husbandry into human subsistence. Strontium isotope analysis would supply information on mobility in animals and humans. In the first two years, 300 bone samples fi^om key sites in SE-Anatolia and North-Syria would be analysed for C/N/0 in collagen and for C/O in the stmctural carbonate, and 70 samples m terms of Sr signatures to define the place of origin of selected taxa. In the latter, both tooth enamel and dentine (or compact bone) from the same individual would be analysed to assess whether animals had arrived at the site shortly before their death, or (much) earlier. To test the hypothesis of a close relationship between extant breeds, early Neolithic domestic animals, and wild Bos. Ovis, Capra, and Sus inhabiting the upper Euphrates Basin, mtDNA research would be carried out, starting with Bos.

在新月沃地的大部分地区，更新世末期草原的扩张对人类的生存产生了深远的影响，包括定居主义的出现，而在这个阶段，对放牧或混合放牧的野生食草动物的狩猎提供了大部分。随着动物蛋白的增加，全新世早期见证了 Ov «、Capra、Sus 和 Bos 的驯化，因此畜牧业的出现最近被认为是其中之一。我们的项目旨在更好地了解新月沃地北部从纳图夫时代到 PPN 时代的经济和环境（前提）条件，特别研究有蹄类动物的早期阶段幼发拉底河上游流域的驯化和畜牧业。目标：（1）为研究区域的人类与反刍动物关系的变化建立更精确的年代学，（2）重建前陶器新石器时代幼发拉底河上游盆地的环境条件，(3) 从考古背景中追踪 PPN 人类、猎物物种和早期驯化动物的半径和地理起源；(4) 调查早期畜牧业在上游以外的传播；为了回答这些问题，宏观、微观和生物分子分析将应用于来自安纳托利亚东南部和早期全新世的人类和动物遗骸。为了追踪早期牲畜及其野生近缘种的有蹄类动物开发模式、食草动物体重、稳定同位素特征和 mtDNA 多样性的历时性和区域性变化，北叙利亚将提交骨骼标本进行 *C 测年，以提供更精确的数据。人类活动对食用动物生命周期产生显着影响的时间表。在该项目的前两年，考古动物学研究将包括对组合的 yäiz/ia/ 分析在哥贝克力石阵、Gürcütepe（地点 II 和 III）和安纳托利亚东南部的 Mezraa-Teleilat 以及叙利亚的 Baaz 和 Kaus Kozah 挖掘的动物群数据将输入到兼容的数据库中。尊重，现场录音方法的兼容性也被认为是一个重要的需求，正在计划举办一次研讨会，以聚集从事 Natufian 工作的主要团队最后，将与法国、西班牙和其他在该研究领域工作的团队密切合作，创建一个关于安纳托利亚和叙利亚纳图夫时代至新石器时代有蹄类动物的通用度量数据库。包括稳定同位素分析和线粒体DNA研究，稳定同位素分析（C、O、N）将用于确定所有主要脊椎动物类群（包括人类）的摄食习性。重建畜牧业纳入人类生存之前、期间和之后的当地环境和气候条件。锶同位素分析将在头两年内从关键地点采集 300 个骨骼样本，提供有关动物和人类活动的信息。将分析安纳托利亚东南部和叙利亚北部的胶原蛋白中的 C/N/0 和结构碳酸盐中的 C/O，并根据以下条件对 70 个样品进行分析：确定选定分类群的起源地的 Sr 签名在后者中，将分析同一个体的牙釉质和牙本质（或致密骨），以评估动物是否在死亡前不久到达该地点，或者（很大程度上）。 ）早些时候，为了检验现存品种、新石器时代早期家畜和居住在幼发拉底盆地上游的野生绵羊、卡普拉和绵羊之间存在密切关系的假设，需要进行线粒体DNA研究。从Bos开始进行。