On Land and Sea. Medical geography in the Russian empire (1770—1870)

在陆地和海上。

• 批准号: 405969656
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Andreas Renner
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Abteilung für Geschichte Osteuropas und Südosteuropas
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2018-12-31 至 2021-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/405969656?language=en
• 关键词: Land; Sea.; Medical; geography; Russian

Why was medicine crucial – or considered to be crucial – in the building, sustaining and understanding of the Russian Empire? Did it bring health to the imperial subjects or were they supressed through new regimes of hygiene? While medical experts drafted disciplinary regimes and ways to exploit the peripheries’ resources and even dreamt of projects to improve the environment, the question remains, how were these plans eventually enforced?Previous research has hardly studied these questions. To answer them the project starts from the contemporary concept of medical geography which defined disease as an imbalance between living bodies and the environment. Medics studied geographical parameters as well as humans on Russia’s imperial periphery in order to fight or prevent diseases. The medical knowledge produced for this purpose will be studied in manifold documents: physicians’ notebooks and patient histories, instructions and reports, topographic descriptions and statistical accounts, memoirs, and popular articles. The new medical-geographical discourse about health and disease in environmental contexts evolved through interaction with “traditional” medical cultures at the peripheries and in regular exchange with scholars worldwide.The years between 1770 and 1870 were a time of imperial expansion, but also of internal consolidation. The medical service grew significantly; physicians gained influence as experts, deployed to all parts of the vast Russian empire and the seas surrounding it. Against this background, the project combines macro- and micro-analyses. It highlights the transnational or rather inter-imperial transfer of medical knowledge through scholarly discourse. This approach considers Russia alongside European overseas empire and links medicine with other disciplines (geography, climatology, meteorology). On the local level, the project adopts a broadly postcolonial perspective on how “traditional” medicine shaped medical science as conducted by representatives of the imperial centre. Utilizing medical geography, physicians helped conceptualize the Russian empire’s spatial diversity as did physicians elsewhere. Yet the Russian case highlights the essence of imperial medicine more clearly than other imperial histories and thus will enlarge our understanding how empires work. In Tsarist Russia medicine did not become imperial just because it was transferred to a remote periphery, but because medical experts and expertise helped control and define this very periphery as something “other”.The project will be conducted by an “entangled” research team consisting of two professors, two postdoctoral researchers, two PhD students and four student assistants. The cooperation contributes to the entanglement of Russian and German academic cultures and to a better understanding of the two countries′ mutual history.

为什么在建筑物中，对俄罗斯帝国的维持和理解中的医学至关重要或认为是至关重要的？它是为帝国受试者带来健康还是通过新的卫生制度而倒置的？尽管医学专家起草了纪律制度和探索外围设备资源的方法，甚至梦想着改善环境的项目，但问题仍然存在，这些计划最终是如何实施的？以前的研究几乎没有为这些问题做过研讨会。为了回答他们，该项目始于当代医学地理的概念，该概念将疾病定义为生物与环境之间的不平衡。医护人员研究的地理参数以及俄罗斯帝国外围的人类，以战斗或预防疾病。为此目的产生的医学知识将是多种文档中的讲习班：医师的笔记本和患者历史，指示和报告，地形描述和统计帐户，回忆录和流行文章。关于环境环境中健康和疾病的新医学地理论述是通过与外围设备上的“传统”医学文化的互动以及与全球学者的定期交流而演变的。1770年至1870年之间的几年是帝国扩张的时期，但也是内部巩固的时期。医疗服务大幅增长；医生作为专家获得了影响力，部署到了广阔的俄罗斯帝国及其周围的海洋各地。在此背景下，该项目结合了宏观和微型分析。它突出了通过科学话语对医学知识的跨国或帝国间转移。这种方法将俄罗斯与欧洲海外帝国一起考虑，并将医学与其他学科（地理，气候，气象学）联系起来。在地方一级，该项目对“传统”药物如何塑造了代表帝国中心进行的“传统”医学如何形成医学科学。利用医学地理位置，医生与其他地方的医生一样，帮助概念化了俄罗斯帝国的空间多样性。然而，俄罗斯的案件比其他帝国历史更清楚地介绍了帝国医学的本质，因此将提高我们的理解方式。在沙皇的俄罗斯医学中，医学并不是因为它被转移到偏远的外围，而是因为医学专家和专家帮助控制和将这一外围定义为“其他”。该项目将由一个由两名教授组成的“纠缠”研究团队进行，由两名由两名Photctoral研究人员，两名PHD学生，两名PHD学生和四名学生助手进行。该合作有助于俄罗斯和德国学术文化的纠缠，并更好地了解两国的相互历史。