Deed and Retribution in Indian Buddhism: The Concept of Karma in the Abhidharmakosa and its Commentaries

印度佛教中的业与报：《阿毗达摩沙》中的业力概念及其注释

• 批准号: 347376597
• 负责人: Professorin Dr. Jowita Kramer
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Institut für Indologie und Zentralasienwissenschaften
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2016-12-31 至 2021-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/347376597?language=en
• 关键词: Deed; Retribution; Indian; Buddhism; Concept

The concept of karma (Sanskrit karman, deed) plays a critical role in all Buddhist traditions. However, explanations of the functioning of the retribution of deeds are rare in early Buddhist sutras. Only later works belonging to the Abhidharma ([teachings] on the constituents of existence) tradition explicate in more detail how bodily, verbal and mental activities are registered and mature into a karmic result. In this context different types of karma are identified, and the intention underlying the deeds is considered so as to determine their moral quality, that is, whether they are meritorious or not. Furthermore, different practices are set forth that counteract the retribution of bad deeds, and feelings resulting from specific acts are explained. A particularly unusual category (at least from a contemporary perspective) is to be found in the postulation of a particular form of subtle matter called non-information, which accounts for the ripening of karma acquired in meditative states or of deeds committed by somebody else on one-s own behalf.The main source of the present research project is a 8th/9th-century Sanskrit manuscript that only recently has become accessible and is presumed to be among the oldest Sanskrit manuscripts kept in Tibet. It is the sole exemplar of a text attributed to Sthiramati (6th cent.) and is a commentary on the Abhidharmakosa, entitled The Truth, a Commentary on the Treasury of the Abhidharma (Tattvartha Abhidharmakosatika). As the most elaborate commentary on the Abhidharmakosa, which is one of the key works of the Indian and Tibetan Abhidharma tradition, it is of extraordinary importance for the investigation of the history of Buddhist thought. Befitting the importance of the Abhidharmakosa corpus, large parts were translated into Tibetan, Chinese, Uyghur, Mongolian and Tocharian, and it came to provide the basis and starting point for the rich commentarial traditions that developed beyond India in Central and East Asia. Also for contemporary Buddhologists the Abhidharmakosa with its commentaries is the principal source for definitions and explanations of Buddhist concepts.The present research project is dedicated to the fourth chapter of Sthiramati-s commentary, namely the chapter dealing with the concept of karma. In addition to a critical edition and annotated English translation, it will include a detailed historical and philosophical analysis.

业力的概念（梵文Karman，契据）在所有佛教传统中都起着至关重要的作用。但是，在早期的佛教经文中，很少有关于契据的功能的解释。只有后来，属于Abhidharma的作品（[教义]关于存在的组成部分）的传统才更详细地阐明了身体，言语和心理活动如何被注册并成熟为业力结果。在这种情况下，确定了不同类型的业力，而契约的基础意图被认为是为了确定其道德质量，即是否有功。此外，还规定了不同的做法，以抵消对不良行为的报应，并解释了特定行为的感觉。一个特别不寻常的类别（至少是从当代角度来看），可以在一种特定形式的微妙物质中找到，称为非信息，这解释了在冥想状态或其他人在其他人身上获得的业力的成熟本研究项目的主要来源是一个8/9世纪的梵语手稿，直到最近才变得可访问，并被认为是西藏保留的最古老的梵文手稿之一。这是归因于Sthiramati（第六分）的文本的唯一典范，是对Abhidharmakosa的评论，题为“真相”，《关于Abhidharma国库的评论》（Tattvartha Abhidharmakosatika）。作为对Abhidharmakosa的最精致的评论，这是印度和藏语Abhidharma传统的关键作品之一，对于调查佛教思想历史而言，它至关重要。将大部分的大部分转化为藏族，中国，乌纪，蒙古和蒙古人和Tocharian的重要性，它的大部分地区被翻译成藏族，中国，蒙古人和Tocharian，这为中央和东亚中部印度以外的丰富评论传统提供了基础和起点。同样对于当代佛教徒来说，Abhidharmakosa及其评论是佛教概念的定义和解释的主要来源。当前的研究项目专门介绍了Sthiramati-S评论的第四章，即处理Karma概念的一章。除了关键版本和注释的英语翻译外，它将包括详细的历史和哲学分析。