CAMO: Counterfeit Attestation MOdule for Electronics Supply Chain Tracking and Provenance

CAMO：用于电子供应链跟踪和来源的防伪认证模块

• 批准号: 2341895
• 负责人: Domenic Forte
• 金额: $ 45万
• 依托单位: University of Florida
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2024
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2024-05-15 至 2027-04-30
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2341895&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: CAMO; Counterfeit; Attestation; MOdule; Electronics

Supply chain globalization and e-commerce have caused a substantial rise in counterfeit electronics trafficking, which was only exacerbated by the pandemic-induced microchip shortage. When high-demand electronics are not available in the marketplace, they become prime targets for counterfeiters. Aside from billions of dollars lost from intellectual property (IP) infringement, counterfeit electronics are often of substandard quality, thereby creating risks for systems and infrastructure in critical sectors such as healthcare, food and agriculture, communications, transportation, energy, manufacturing, emergency services, defense, and more. Recent legislation, such as the CHIPS Act, stresses the need for procedures to combat counterfeiting, but key stakeholders have resisted adoption of the requisite technologies for years. Counterfeit detection and avoidance can be accomplished by physical inspection, electrical tests, or design-for-anti-counterfeit (DfAC). The former two have been the mainstay, but are less reliable, more expensive, and lack automation. Although DfAC primitives can only be included in brand new electronics, they are more promising with respect to accuracy, authentication cost, and scalability. Further, centralized and decentralized ledger technologies, including blockchains, are advancing to support DfAC primitive verification and for immutable traceability and provenance of electronics. This project aims to address the major barriers for DfAC primitive integration into microchips and systems. Counterfeit attestation modules (CAMOs for short) will be developed to efficiently collect DfAC outputs from all the microchips on a printed circuit board (PCB), verify that the PCB itself has not been tampered, and protect communication of results to a digital ledger for en masse authentication. In addition, lightweight DfAC primitives that can be conveniently incorporated into common microchip modules will also be explored. Scalable, convenient, and inexpensive detection of counterfeit electronics from this project shall result in savings for commercial and defense industries that will be passed on to consumers and taxpayers.The above goals will be achieved through four tasks. First, a novel circuit called Resonant Frequency Lock-On (Res-FLO) will be explored for self-contained authentication of PCBs. Res-FLO captures unique, process variation dependent signatures from PCB power distribution networks to detect cloned and tampered PCBs. Next, to support chip authentication and provide security in CAMO communication protocols, lightweight DfAC primitives will be investigated for detecting the two most prevalent counterfeit chip types – recycled and cloned. The former will be detected by measuring degradation in analog and digital low dropout regulators (LDOs) while the latter can be achieved by adopting physical unclonable functions (PUFs). Third, inexpensive protocols that provide confidentiality and integrity for communications within the PCB and to a ledger/blockchain will be composed from elements of the first two tasks. Namely, CAMO will exploit the large input/output space, machine learning (ML) attack resistance, and multiple measurements of strong PUFs to increase the security and confidence of authentic/counterfeit classification without the need for expensive cryptographic and error correction schemes. Finally, the CAMO primitives and protocols will be taped out for proof-of-concept and to capture overheads, impacts of aging and noise, resistance to attacks, etc.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

供应链全球化和电子商务导致假冒电子产品贩运大幅增加，而大流行引发的微芯片短缺又加剧了这种情况，当市场上缺货时，它们就成为造假者的主要目标。知识产权 (IP) 侵权造成数十亿美元的损失，假冒电子产品往往质量不合格，从而给医疗保健、食品和农业、通信、交通、能源、制造、紧急服务、国防等关键领域的系统和基础设施带来风险,最近的立法，例如《CHIPS 法案》，强调了打击假冒程序的必要性，但主要利益相关者多年来一直拒绝采用必要的技术，可以通过物理检查、电气测试或设计来实现假冒检测和避免。 -防伪（DfAC）。前两者一直是主流，但数量较少，更可靠，并且缺乏自动化，尽管 DfAC 原语只能包含在全新的电子产品中，但它们更有前途。此外，包括区块链在内的集中式和去中心化账本技术正在不断发展，以支持 DfAC 原始验证以及电子产品的不可变可追溯性和来源。该项目旨在解决 DfAC 原始集成的主要障碍。将开发防伪认证模块（简称 CAMO），以有效收集印刷电路板 (PCB) 上所有微芯片的 DfAC 输出，验证PCB 本身未被篡改，并保护结果与数字账本的通信，以进行集体身份验证。此外，还将探索可方便地集成到通用微芯片模块中的轻量级 DfAC 原语。该项目的电子产品将为商业和国防工业带来节省，并将惠及消费者和纳税人。上述目标将通过四项任务来实现：首先，一种称为谐振频率锁定的新型电路。 (Res-FLO) 将被探索用于 PCB 的独立认证，Res-FLO 从 PCB 配电网络捕获独特的、与工艺变化相关的签名，以检测克隆和篡改的 PCB，以支持芯片认证并提供安全性。 CAMO 通信协议、轻量级 DfAC 原语将被研究用于检测两种最常见的假冒芯片类型——回收和克隆。前者将通过测量模拟和数字低压差稳压器 (LDO) 的退化来检测。而后者可以通过采用物理不可克隆功能（PUF）来实现。第三，为 PCB 内和账本/区块链提供机密性和完整性的廉价协议将由前两项任务的要素组成。利用大输入/输出空间、机器学习 (ML) 攻击抵抗力以及强 PUF 的多重测量来提高正品/赝品分类的安全性和置信度，而无需昂贵的加密和纠错方案。最后，CAMO 原语。协议将被流片进行概念验证，并捕获开销、老化和噪声的影响、抗攻击性等。该奖项反映了 NSF 的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优点和能力进行评估，被认为值得支持。更广泛的影响审查标准。