Collaborative Research: Multi-scale Geodetic Monitoring at Axial Seamount

合作研究：轴向海山多尺度大地测量监测

• 批准号: 2226488
• 负责人: William Chadwick
• 金额: $ 37.32万
• 依托单位: Oregon State University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2023-10-01 至 2028-09-30
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2226488&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Multi; scale; Geodetic

This project continues long-term research and monitoring of the most active submarine volcano in the NE Pacific named Axial Seamount. It is located about 300 miles off the coast of Oregon and represents an excellent site to study how volcanoes work because it erupts frequently, has numerous monitoring instruments, and has repetitive behavior. This research will improve understanding of how magma (molten rock) is stored in the shallow crust at volcanoes, how it is delivered to the surface, how eruptions are triggered, and how eruptions can be successfully forecast. Scientists will use pressure sensors and underwater vehicles to measure movements of the seafloor at Axial Seamount. These movements take place as the volcano gradually inflates with magma between eruptions, like a balloon, and then rapidly deflates during eruptions. The seafloor moves up and down as much as 8-12 feet during these cycles. When the volcano is fully inflated it is ready to erupt again. Scientists have observed that Axial Seamount inflates to a similar level before each eruption, which has enabled two previous eruptions to be successfully forecast months in advance. Therefore, this research has broad implications for reducing hazards at volcanoes around the world. This work will improve eruption forecasting at all volcanoes, including those on land. Axial Seamount erupted in 1998, 2011, and most recently in April 2015 and is more than 90% re-inflated in 2022, so is building toward another eruption. It is an ideal natural laboratory for the long-term study of active processes at a submarine volcano in a mid-ocean ridge setting. Long-term research and monitoring at Axial have built a remarkable time-series of bottom pressure observations that have revealed a repeated cycle of inflation and deflation that has been used to forecast eruptions with increasing accuracy. The 2015 eruption was the first captured in real time by the Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) Regional Cabled Array (RCA) and the network of sensors revealed the inner workings of the volcano in unprecedented detail. Nevertheless, understanding is improved with every eruption and novel techniques are revealing new and surprising phenomena that were previously unknown. An example of this derives from the use of repeated high-resolution bathymetric mapping using Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) that show that the deformation field extends over the entire summit caldera and beyond. The new AUV data are complementary to the pressure measurements in that the AUV surveys are spatially continuous and laterally extensive, whereas the pressure measurements are temporally continuous but are spatially limited. During this project, scientists will continue the pressure measurements and further develop the AUV repeat bathymetry technique using Terrain Relative Navigation (TRN) during fieldwork in 2024, 2026, and 2028. The two datasets will be a powerful combination for advancing deformation modeling of the subsurface magmatic system at Axial Seamount.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

该项目继续对东北太平洋最活跃的海底火山轴海山进行长期研究和监测。 它距离俄勒冈州海岸约 300 英里，是研究火山工作原理的绝佳地点，因为它经常喷发，拥有大量监测仪器，并且具有重复性行为。这项研究将提高人们对岩浆（熔岩）如何储存在火山浅层地壳中、如何输送到地表、如何引发喷发以及如何成功预测喷发的了解。 科学家将使用压力传感器和水下航行器来测量轴向海山海底的运动。这些运动发生时，火山在喷发之间随着岩浆逐渐膨胀，就像气球一样，然后在喷发期间迅速收缩。在这些循环过程中，海底上下移动了 8-12 英尺。当火山完全膨胀时，它就准备好再次喷发。科学家们观察到，轴海山在每次喷发前都会膨胀到相似的水平，这使得之前的两次喷发能够提前几个月成功预测。因此，这项研究对于减少世界各地火山的危害具有广泛的意义。这项工作将改善所有火山（包括陆地火山）的喷发预报。轴流海山曾于 1998 年、2011 年和最近一次于 2015 年 4 月喷发，并于 2022 年重新膨胀了 90% 以上，因此正在准备再次喷发。 它是长期研究大洋中脊海底火山活动过程的理想天然实验室。 Axial 的长期研究和监测已经建立了引人注目的底部压力观测时间序列，这些观测结果揭示了通货膨胀和通货紧缩的重复周期，该周期已被用于以越来越高的准确性预测火山喷发。 海洋观测计划 (OOI) 区域电缆阵列 (RCA) 首次实时捕捉到了 2015 年的火山喷发，传感器网络以前所未有的细节揭示了火山的内部运作情况。尽管如此，随着每次喷发，人们的理解都会得到提高，新技术正在揭示以前未知的新的、令人惊讶的现象。 这方面的一个例子来自使用自主水下航行器 (AUV) 进行的重复高分辨率测深测绘，结果表明变形场延伸到整个山顶火山口及更远的地方。 新的 AUV 数据是对压力测量的补充，因为 AUV 测量在空间上连续且横向广泛，而压力测量在时间上连续但在空间上有限。在该项目期间，科学家将在 2024 年、2026 年和 2028 年的现场工作中继续进行压力测量，并使用地形相对导航 (TRN) 进一步开发 AUV 重复测深技术。这两个数据集将成为推进地下变形建模的强大组合。该奖项反映了 NSF 的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。