Collaborative Research: Implicit bivalence: Testing boundaries, causes, and consequences of coactivating positive and negative implicit evaluations

合作研究：内隐二价：测试共同激活积极和消极内隐评价的边界、原因和后果

• 批准号: 2234932
• 负责人: Vivian Zayas
• 金额: $ 51.29万
• 依托单位: Cornell University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2023-04-15 至 2026-03-31
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2234932&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Implicit; bivalence; Testing

Social interactions, ranging from close others to relative strangers, involve rewards (e.g., comfort, approval, joy) and costs (e.g., rejection, disapproval, hurt). Even individuals in highly satisfied relationships can readily recall negative interactions with their partner. Both theory and intuition assume that feelings about significant others are complex. Yet, there is scant evidence that this complexity exists implicitly (i.e., knowledge that people often cannot deliberately bring to mind but that still impacts behaviors). Recent work shows that in the first milliseconds of perceiving a significant other, both positive and negative information is triggered. Clearly, the single individual most liked in a person’s life strongly activates immediate positive evaluations, but this same person also activates some negative evaluations immediately as well. The current studies investigate this early signature of implicit bivalence (i.e., immediately activated positivity and negativity). Specifically, is implicit bivalence triggered only by significant others with whom one has a long history of affectively-complex experiences? Alternatively, might a stranger with whom one has no past experience trigger implicit bivalence because interactions with any person have the potential to be rewarding but also costly? Importantly, what are the consequences of implicit bivalence for psychological functioning and behavior in relationships? Understanding the evaluations that immediately come to mind when one encounters or thinks about others informs how people quickly make sense of the rewards and costs of social dynamics, with implications for flexible and adaptive social functioning.Mental representations of others are the cognitive building blocks of human behavior and color perceptions and interpretations of a person’s actions and social interactions with them. One way in which mental representations help people to interpret and react toward others is through enabling rapid and spontaneous evaluations of them. These implicit evaluations are triggered effortlessly and unintentionally whenever one encounters, or simply thinks of, another person. Implicit evaluations deliver immediate information about the positivity and negativity of another person, influencing how we think and behave toward that other person. But initial research has revealed that rather than other people triggering either positivity or negativity, they in fact trigger both positivity and negativity, even for significant others. The current work investigates how this affective complexity develops, for whom it emerges, and what consequences it has for behavior. In so doing, the research examines the plausibility of two theoretical accounts for why implicit bivalence emerges. One account suggests that bivalence emerges whenever the information about the attitude object is affectively complex, which would suggest that bivalence occurs toward a wide range of objects and people but not for newly encountered others. The other view suggests that bivalence prepares the perceiver to react to all people because of their potential to behave in a positive and negative manner, which would suggest that bivalence might emerge for others regardless of any past history. The work utilizes a range of research designs to assess implicit evaluations for people and for everyday objects (e.g., tempting foods, cigarettes), increasing the generalizability of the findings, as well as for people and objects for which implicit evaluations are experimentally created in the lab (e.g., by associating a person or object with rewarding or aversive experiences). The findings will inform models of social cognition, with implications for theory and research on ambivalence, attitudes, implicit cognition, and relationship science.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

社交互动，从亲密的人到相对陌生的人，都涉及奖励（例如，舒适、认可、快乐）和成本（例如，拒绝、反对、伤害），即使在高度满意的关系中，也很容易回忆起与伴侣的负面互动。理论和直觉都假设，对重要他人的感受是复杂的，但很少有证据表明这种复杂性是隐含存在的（即，人们常常无法刻意地想起但仍然影响行为的知识）。显然，一个人一生中最喜欢的一个人会立即产生积极的评价，但这个人也会立即产生一些消极的评价。目前的研究对此进行了调查。内隐二价的早期特征（即立即激活的积极性和消极性）是否仅由与某人有长期复杂情感经历的重要他人触发？过去的经历不会引发内隐二价，因为与任何人的互动都有可能带来回报，但也可能付出高昂代价？重要的是，内隐二价对人际关系中的心理功能和行为会产生什么后果？思考他人告诉人们如何快速理解社会动态的回报和成本，这对灵活和适应性的社会功能具有影响。他人的心理表征是人类行为的认知基石，也是对一个人的行为和社会的认知和解释。与他们互动的一种方式。心理表征帮助人们对他人进行快速、自发的评价，每当一个人遇到或想到另一个人时，这些内隐评价就会毫不费力地、无意地被触发。但初步研究表明，并不是其他人会引发积极性或消极性，而是他们实际上会同时引发积极性和消极性，即使对于重要的他人也是如此。这种情感复杂性是如何发展的，它对谁来说，以及它对行为有什么影响。在此过程中，研究检验了两种理论解释为什么会出现隐性二价，其中一种解释表明，只要有关于态度的信息，就会出现二价。物体在情感上是复杂的，这表明二价发生在广泛的物体和人身上，但不适用于新遇到的其他人。另一种观点表明，二价使感知者准备好对所有人做出反应，因为他们有可能表现出积极和积极的行为。消极的方式，这表明，无论过去的历史如何，其他人都可能会出现二价性。这项工作利用一系列研究设计来评估对人和日常物品（例如诱人的食物、香烟）的隐性评价，从而增加了研究结果的普遍性。以及在实验室中通过实验创建隐式评估的人和物体（例如，通过将人或物体与奖励或厌恶的经历联系起来），这些发现将为社会认知模型提供信息，对理论和研究具有影响。该奖项反映了 NSF 的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。