Collaborative Research: AGS-FIRP Track 2: Lake-Effect Electrification (LEE) and the Impacts of Wind Turbines on Electrification East of Lake Ontario

合作研究：AGS-FIRP 第 2 轨道：湖效应电气化 (LEE) 以及风力涡轮机对安大略湖以东电气化的影响

• 批准号: 2212227
• 负责人: Eric Bruning
• 金额: $ 31.6万
• 依托单位: Texas Tech University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2022-08-01 至 2025-07-31
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2212227&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; AGS; FIRP; Track

The Lake-Effect Electrification (LEE) Project will occur between September and March 2022-23 focused on Lake Ontario and the downwind (east of the lake) region of upstate New York. The frequent lake-effect snowstorms in this area produce several thundersnow events each year, and this project will make the first ever measurements of the electrical structure of lake-effect snow clouds and infer how lightning within them is related to precipitation processes in the clouds. During another recent NSF-funded project, the Ontario Winter Lake-effect Systems (OWLeS) field campaign during the 2013-14 winter season, all lake-effect lightning occurred inland and many flashes were associated with the Maple Ridge Wind Farm, composed of approximately 200 turbines over 100 m tall. Lightning is a significant cause of wind turbine damage (e.g., to the blades), increasing wind energy generation costs. The study region is therefore an ideal natural laboratory within which basic understanding of the electrical structure of clouds can be advanced while also improving forecasts of such events and understanding their impacts on energy infrastructure. This grant will involve many undergraduate and graduate students in the collection and analysis of data, developing measurement, instrumentation and data analysis skills while inspiring their further education and interest in research careers.The Lake-Effect Electrification (LEE) Project is focused over and east (the typical downwind/lee side) of Lake Ontario during the cool season. Project LEE aims to document, for the first time, the total lightning and electrical charge structures of lake-effect storms and the associated storm environment using a lightning mapping array (LMA), a dual-polarization X-band radar, and balloon soundings that will measure vertical profiles of temperature, humidity, wind, electric field, and hydrometeor types. Previous work has shown that the Great Lakes, especially Lake Ontario, initiate lightning in a mix of precipitation types during lake-effect storms. Most of the Lake Ontario lightning occurs during single, long-axis precipitation bands. Several questions still remain, such as explaining the preponderance of positive polarity lightning in some lake-effect and similar sea-effect storms (e.g., Japan), and why there has been a climatological shift in maximum lake-effect lightning occurrence from over Lake Ontario to farther inland. This is likely due to the recent wind farm construction in this area, but there are still many unknowns on how these turbines produce lightning. Project LEE also affords the opportunity to improve observations of convective-to-stratiform electrical development due to the shallowness of lake-effect storms and the proximity of these processes to the ground. Finally, lake-effect storm conditions represent minimal thresholds for lightning initiation as many of these storms do not produce lightning.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

湖泊效应电气化项目（LEE）项目将在2022年9月至2022 - 23年之间，集中于安大略湖和纽约州北部地区的顺风（湖以东）。该地区频繁的湖泊效应暴风雪每年会产生几次雷电事件，该项目将首先测量湖泊降雪云的电气结构，并推断出内部的闪电与云中的降水过程有关。在最近由NSF资助的另一个项目中，在2013-14冬季，安大略省冬季湖泊效应系统（OWLES）现场活动，所有湖泊效应闪电都发生在内陆，许多闪光与枫树岭风电场相关，由大约200多个高100 m高的涡轮机组成。 闪电是风力涡轮机损坏（例如，叶片）的重要原因，增加了风能发电成本。因此，研究区域是一个理想的自然实验室，在该实验室中，对云的电气结构的基本了解也可以提高，同时也改善了此类事件的预测并了解它们对能源基础设施的影响。该赠款将涉及许多本科生和研究生参与数据的收集和分析，开发测量，仪器和数据分析技能，同时激发他们对研究职业的进一步教育和兴趣。 Lee项目的目的是首次使用雷电映射阵列（LMA），双极化X波段雷达以及将测量温度，湿度，湿度，风场，电场和水合类型的垂直轮廓的气球声音，首次记录湖泊效应风暴和相关风暴环境的总闪电和电荷结构。先前的工作表明，大湖区，尤其是安大略湖，在湖泊效应风暴期间以多种降水类型的混合开始闪电。安大略湖闪电大部分发生在单轴降水带上。仍然存在几个问题，例如解释了某些湖泊效应和类似的海上风暴（例如日本）中的主要极性闪电，以及为什么从安大略湖上方到内陆的最大湖泊效应闪电发生了气候变化。这可能是由于最近在该地区进行的风电场建造所致，但是关于这些涡轮机如何产生闪电仍然有许多未知数。李计划还提供了改善由于湖泊效应风暴的肤浅以及这些过程靠近地面而提高对流到层状电气发育的观察结果。最后，湖泊效应风暴条件代表着闪电启动的最低阈值，因为这些风暴中的许多没有产生闪电。该奖项反映了NSF的法定任务，并认为使用基金会的知识分子优点和更广泛的影响审查标准，被认为值得通过评估。