Migration in Tsarist Russia, 1830s to 1914

沙皇俄国的移民，1830 年代至 1914 年

基本信息

批准号：
250857066
负责人：
Professor Dr. Lutz Häfner
金额：
--
依托单位：
Arbeitsbereich Geschichte des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts
依托单位国家：
德国
项目类别：
Research Grants
财政年份：
2013
资助国家：
德国
起止时间：
2012-12-31 至 2018-12-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/250857066?language=en
关键词：
Migration Tsarist Russia 1830s 1914

项目摘要

The research project takes a synthesizing perspective on seasonal peasant work migration (otkhod) and transcontinental long distance migration (pereselenie) in Tsarist Russia from the 1830s to 1914. The aim is to analyze structures, forms, extent, and changes of migration. Moreover it covers material and immaterial push und pull factors in places of origin as well in the target regions. The study focuses on specific aspects of region, groups, generation, social strata and gender. It puts emphasis on the interplay of the different types of migration as well as the influences on the places of origin and the target regions. The project also deals with the chances of inclusion and the risks of exclusion within the new world. Finally, it is necessary to take into account the fate of about a million remigrants. Was remigration really an aspect of failure? What did happen to the remigrants? Did they return to their home regions? Were they reintegrated into the community of their old villages?The project is designed as a synthesis relying on a greater area study with a high level of abstraction and a small-scale case study with full depth of field. It covers three provinces of the central industrial region with its population of mainly ethnic Great Russians. Iaroslavl, Kaluga, and Tver featured the highest percentage of work migrants in Russia but participated in the long distance migration to various degrees. In order to explain the peasants patterns of migration, it is necessary to analyze the structural framework conditions such as the specifics in places of origin as well as in the target regions, the socio economic conditions from the province level down to the villages, local traditions, networks and regional preferences to earn money. In addition, it is indispensable to take into consideration the property situation, size and age structure of families as well the degree of education, the aspect of gender and the vocational skills of the individual. These parameters help to explain why the work migrants broke with their past and opted for long distance migration although this meant to renounce earnings for about two years. Subsidies and allowances by the Tsarist State did not compensate for this loss of income. Moreover, it was difficult for the individual to assess the health risks during migration. Therefore, the study focuses on the nexus between migration and health. Only recently, modern migration history started to deal with this aspect.In contrast to previous research, this project does not run out to understand otkhod mainly from trajectory of the developing working class. Focusing on practices and the historical agents, it rather examines the consequences on behalf of the migrants and their regions of origin. Because it does not isolate the two types of migration but looks at their interaction, it promises to explain the changes of the traditional features of migration.

该研究项目对 1830 年代至 1914 年间沙皇俄国的季节性农民工迁移 (otkhod) 和跨大陆长途迁移 (pereselenie) 进行综合研究。目的是分析迁移的结构、形式、范围和变化。此外，它还涵盖了原产地以及目标地区的物质和非物质推拉因素。该研究侧重于地区、群体、代际、社会阶层和性别的具体方面。它强调不同类型移民的相互作用以及对原籍地和目标地区的影响。该项目还涉及新世界中包容的机会和排斥的风险。最后，有必要考虑大约一百万移民的命运。移民真的是失败的一个方面吗？移民们到底遭遇了什么？他们回到自己的家乡了吗？他们是否重新融入了原来村庄的社区？该项目被设计为一个综合体，依靠高抽象水平的大区域研究和全领域深度的小规模案例研究。它涵盖了中部工业区的三个省份，其人口主要是大俄罗斯族。雅罗斯拉夫尔、卡卢加和特维尔是俄罗斯务工移民比例最高的城市，但不同程度地参与了长途移民。为了解释农民的迁移模式，需要分析结构框架条件，例如原籍地和目标地区的具体情况、从省级到村庄的社会经济条件、当地传统等。、网络和区域偏好来赚钱。此外，还必须考虑家庭的财产状况、人口规模和年龄结构以及个人的受教育程度、性别方面和职业技能。这些参数有助于解释为什么打工移民与过去决裂并选择长途移民，尽管这意味着放弃大约两年的收入。沙皇国家的补贴和津贴并不能弥补这种收入损失。此外，个人很难评估迁移过程中的健康风险。因此，本研究重点关注移民与健康之间的关系。直到最近，现代移民史才开始涉及这一方面。与之前的研究不同，本项目并没有主要从发展中的工人阶级的轨迹来理解奥特霍德。它着眼于实践和历史因素，而是考察移民及其原籍地区的后果。由于它不是孤立两种类型的迁移，而是着眼于它们的相互作用，因此它有望解释传统迁移特征的变化。