Collaborative Research: CAS-MNP--Precursors of Long-Distance Aerial Transport of Microplastics from Urban Environments

合作研究：CAS-MNP——城市环境中长距离空中运输微塑料的前体

• 批准号: 2028633
• 负责人: Gabriel Katul
• 金额: $ 24.32万
• 依托单位: Duke University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2020-09-01 至 2024-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2028633&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; CAS; MNP; Precursors

Micro-plastics (MPs), which are plastic particles of sizes smaller than 5 mm, have been studied in aqueous environments for more than 15 years. These studies have raised public awareness about the adverse effects of MPs on aquatic ecosystems (fish in particular and their food-web in general) and many countries are beginning to limit the use and disposal of plastics because of them. Oceans are viewed as the ultimate sink of MPs, where MPs are assumed to be transported primarily via aquatic environments (runoff to creeks, rivers, streams, or sewage discharge, etc.). There is mounting evidence that MPs are present in many terrestrial systems that are presumed to be pristine. However, only speculation about long-distance atmospheric transport ( 100 km) and deposition has been offered to explain their presence in these regions. Such findings are prompting interest in the mechanisms by which MPs escape from their main source and travel long-distance aerially. Because of human activities that produce materials that lead to the formation of MPs, cities are considered major sources of MPs. This project is centered on understanding the primary processes and mechanisms in which MPs are transported from urban sources to the atmosphere. The project will lead to findings necessary for policy makers and eco-toxicologists concerned with whether and how MPs should be regulated in light of the rapid expansion in industries that use plastics. Daunting scientific challenges to be confronted are the complexity of air flow and variable releases of MP types in urban settings, the interaction between urban canopy (streets, buildings, etc.) and deposition/escape of MPs, the MP particulate properties, and weather conditions. To address the overall project goal, 3 inter-related science questions are proposed: Q1 How MPs associated with urban emission sources get transported out of an urban system? (Tasks 1-3); Q2 How do different characteristics of urban surface morphology (e.g. high-density urban center versus low-density residential areas) interact with the spatial configurations of MP source/sink distributions (street network) to impact their transport and deposition? (Task 4), and Q3 How to quantify the chance of MPs becoming air-borne in relation to urban surface morphology and weather patterns? (Task 5). The state-of-the science computer simulation runs and MP trajectory tracking models will be interfaced and used to address Q1-Q3. The urban morphological properties characterizing cities and the physical-chemical properties of MPs will be systematically explored to unpack connections between morphology, MP property, weather patterns and the transport of MPs out of cities. Data-driven approaches such as machine-learning will also be applied to simulation results to enable formulation of models that can be used for MP regulations in the future. The project explores a new outreach activity that leverages resources of a non-profit organization `Wiki Education'. Wiki Education specializes in training students to edit information in Wikipedia while providing high-quality information on issues confronting society today and in the foreseeable future.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

在水性环境中已经研究了15年以上的微型塑料（MPS），是小于5 mm的塑料颗粒。这些研究提高了公众对国会议员对水生生态系统的不利影响的认识（尤其是鱼类及其一般的食物 - 网络），许多国家由于塑料而开始限制塑料的使用和处置。海洋被视为MPS的最终水槽，其中假定MP主要通过水生环境（径流到小溪，河流，溪流或污水处理等）运输。有越来越多的证据表明，在许多被认为是原始的地面系统中存在MP。但是，只提供了关于长距离大气传输（100 km）和沉积的猜测，以解释它们在这些地区的存在。这样的发现引起了人们对国会议员从其主要来源逃脱并在空中长途旅行的机制的兴趣。由于人类活动产生导致MP形成的材料，因此城市被认为是MP的主要来源。该项目的重点是了解将国会议员从城市来源运送到大气的主要过程和机制。该项目将导致对有关是否以及如何根据使用塑料行业的快速扩张来监管国会议员的政策制定者和生态毒理学家所需的发现。面临的艰巨的科学挑战是空气流的复杂性和MP类型在城市环境中的可变发行，城市冠层（街道，建筑物等）之间的相互作用以及MP的沉积/逃生，MP颗粒特性和天气条件。为了解决总体项目目标，提出了3个相互关联的科学问题：Q1与城市排放来源相关的国会议员如何从城市系统中运输出来？ （任务1-3）; Q2城市表面形态的不同特征（例如，高密度城市中心与低密度居民区域）如何与MP源/水槽分布（街道网络）的空间配置相互作用以影响其运输和沉积？ （任务4）和Q3如何量化国会议员与城市表面形态和天气模式有关的机会？ （任务5）。最新的科学计算机模拟运行，MP轨迹跟踪模型将被连接并用于解决Q1-Q3。将系统地探索表征城市和MPS物理化学特性的城市形态特性，以解开形态学，MP特性，天气模式和MPS从城市中运输之间的连接。数据驱动的方法（例如机器学习方法）也将应用于仿真结果，以实现将来可以用于MP法规的模型的制定。 该项目探讨了一项新的外展活动，该活动利用非营利组织“ Wiki教育”的资源。 Wiki Education专门培训学生在Wikipedia中编辑信息，同时在当今和可预见的将来就与社会面临的问题提供高质量的信息。该奖项反映了NSF的法定任务，并被认为值得通过基金会的知识分子优点和更广泛的影响标准通过评估来进行评估。

项目成果

Self-similar geometries within the inertial subrange of scales in boundary layer turbulence

• DOI: 10.1017/jfm.2022.409
• 发表时间: 2021-08
• 期刊: Journal of Fluid Mechanics
• 影响因子: 3.7
• 作者: M. Heisel;C. D. de Silva;G. Katul;M. Chamecki

The root-zone soil moisture spectrum in a mediterranean ecosystem

地中海生态系统根区土壤湿度谱

• DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.127757
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Journal of Hydrology
• 影响因子: 6.4
• 作者: Corona, Roberto;Katul, Gabriel;Montaldo, Nicola
• 通讯作者: Montaldo, Nicola

Probing eddy size and its effective mixing length in stably stratified roughness sublayer flows

稳定分层粗糙度亚层流中涡流尺寸及其有效混合长度的探测

• DOI: 10.1002/qj.4386
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society
• 影响因子: 8.9
• 作者: Peltola, Olli;Aurela, Mika;Launiainen, Samuli;Katul, Gabriel
• 通讯作者: Katul, Gabriel

Adjustments to the law of the wall above an Amazon forest explained by a spectral link

通过光谱链接解释亚马逊森林上方墙壁法则的调整

• DOI: 10.1063/5.0135697
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Physics of Fluids
• 影响因子: 4.6
• 作者: Mortarini, Luca;Katul, Gabriel G.;Cava, Daniela;Dias-Junior, Cleo Quaresma;Dias, Nelson Luis;Manzi, Antonio;Sorgel, Matthias;Araújo, Alessandro;Chamecki, Marcelo
• 通讯作者: Chamecki, Marcelo

The Intensifying Role of High Wind Speeds on Air‐Sea Carbon Dioxide Exchange

高风速对空气-海洋二氧化碳交换的强化作用

• DOI: 10.1029/2020gl090713
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Geophysical Research Letters
• 影响因子: 5.2
• 作者: Gu, Yuanyuan;Katul, Gabriel G.;Cassar, Nicolas
• 通讯作者: Cassar, Nicolas