Collaborative Research: CAS-MNP--Precursors of Long-Distance Aerial Transport of Microplastics from Urban Environments

合作研究：CAS-MNP——城市环境中长距离空中运输微塑料的前体

• 批准号: 2028633
• 负责人: Gabriel Katul
• 金额: $ 24.32万
• 依托单位: Duke University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2020-09-01 至 2024-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2028633&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; CAS; MNP; Precursors

Micro-plastics (MPs), which are plastic particles of sizes smaller than 5 mm, have been studied in aqueous environments for more than 15 years. These studies have raised public awareness about the adverse effects of MPs on aquatic ecosystems (fish in particular and their food-web in general) and many countries are beginning to limit the use and disposal of plastics because of them. Oceans are viewed as the ultimate sink of MPs, where MPs are assumed to be transported primarily via aquatic environments (runoff to creeks, rivers, streams, or sewage discharge, etc.). There is mounting evidence that MPs are present in many terrestrial systems that are presumed to be pristine. However, only speculation about long-distance atmospheric transport ( 100 km) and deposition has been offered to explain their presence in these regions. Such findings are prompting interest in the mechanisms by which MPs escape from their main source and travel long-distance aerially. Because of human activities that produce materials that lead to the formation of MPs, cities are considered major sources of MPs. This project is centered on understanding the primary processes and mechanisms in which MPs are transported from urban sources to the atmosphere. The project will lead to findings necessary for policy makers and eco-toxicologists concerned with whether and how MPs should be regulated in light of the rapid expansion in industries that use plastics. Daunting scientific challenges to be confronted are the complexity of air flow and variable releases of MP types in urban settings, the interaction between urban canopy (streets, buildings, etc.) and deposition/escape of MPs, the MP particulate properties, and weather conditions. To address the overall project goal, 3 inter-related science questions are proposed: Q1 How MPs associated with urban emission sources get transported out of an urban system? (Tasks 1-3); Q2 How do different characteristics of urban surface morphology (e.g. high-density urban center versus low-density residential areas) interact with the spatial configurations of MP source/sink distributions (street network) to impact their transport and deposition? (Task 4), and Q3 How to quantify the chance of MPs becoming air-borne in relation to urban surface morphology and weather patterns? (Task 5). The state-of-the science computer simulation runs and MP trajectory tracking models will be interfaced and used to address Q1-Q3. The urban morphological properties characterizing cities and the physical-chemical properties of MPs will be systematically explored to unpack connections between morphology, MP property, weather patterns and the transport of MPs out of cities. Data-driven approaches such as machine-learning will also be applied to simulation results to enable formulation of models that can be used for MP regulations in the future. The project explores a new outreach activity that leverages resources of a non-profit organization `Wiki Education'. Wiki Education specializes in training students to edit information in Wikipedia while providing high-quality information on issues confronting society today and in the foreseeable future.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

微塑料 (MP) 是一种尺寸小于 5 毫米的塑料颗粒，人们在水环境中的研究已超过 15 年。这些研究提高了公众对塑料制品对水生生态系统（特别是鱼类及其食物网）不利影响的认识，许多国家因此开始限制塑料的使用和处置。海洋被视为MP的最终汇，假设MP主要通过水生环境（径流至小溪、河流、溪流或污水排放等）进行输送。越来越多的证据表明，许多被认为是原始的陆地系统中都存在MP。然而，只有对长距离大气传输（100公里）和沉积的猜测才能解释它们在这些地区的存在。这些发现引起了人们对议员逃离主要来源并进行长途飞行的机制的兴趣。由于人类活动产生的物质会导致 MP 的形成，因此城市被认为是 MP 的主要来源。该项目的重点是了解MP从城市来源转移到大气中的主要过程和机制。该项目将为政策制定者和生态毒理学家带来必要的调查结果，他们关心的是鉴于塑料使用行业的快速扩张，是否以及如何对议员进行监管。面临的艰巨科学挑战是城市环境中空气流动的复杂性和 MP 类型的可变释放、城市冠层（街道、建筑物等）与 MP 沉积/逃逸之间的相互作用、MP 颗粒特性和天气条件。为了解决总体项目目标，提出了 3 个相互关联的科学问题： Q1 与城市排放源相关的 MP 如何被输送出城市系统？ （任务 1-3）； Q2 城市表面形态的不同特征（例如高密度城市中心与低密度住宅区）如何与 MP 源/汇分布（街道网络）的空间配置相互作用，从而影响其传输和沉积？ （任务 4）和问题 3 如何根据城市表面形态和天气模式量化议员在空中飞行的机会？ （任务 5）。最先进的计算机模拟运行和 MP 轨迹跟踪模型将连接并用于解决 Q1-Q3 问题。将系统地探索表征城市的城市形态特征和 MP 的物理化学属性，以揭示形态、MP 属性、天气模式和 MP 出城的运输之间的联系。机器学习等数据驱动方法也将应用于模拟结果，以便制定可用于未来 MP 法规的模型。 该项目探索了一项新的外展活动，利用非营利组织“维基教育”的资源。维基教育专门培训学生编辑维基百科中的信息，同时提供有关当今社会面临的问题和可预见的未来的高质量信息。该奖项反映了 NSF 的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的评估进行评估，被认为值得支持。影响审查标准。

项目成果

Self-similar geometries within the inertial subrange of scales in boundary layer turbulence

• DOI: 10.1017/jfm.2022.409
• 发表时间: 2021-08
• 期刊: Journal of Fluid Mechanics
• 影响因子: 3.7
• 作者: M. Heisel;C. D. de Silva;G. Katul;M. Chamecki

The root-zone soil moisture spectrum in a mediterranean ecosystem

地中海生态系统根区土壤湿度谱

• DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.127757
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Journal of Hydrology
• 影响因子: 6.4
• 作者: Corona, Roberto;Katul, Gabriel;Montaldo, Nicola
• 通讯作者: Montaldo, Nicola

Probing eddy size and its effective mixing length in stably stratified roughness sublayer flows

稳定分层粗糙度亚层流中涡流尺寸及其有效混合长度的探测

• DOI: 10.1002/qj.4386
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society
• 影响因子: 8.9
• 作者: Peltola, Olli;Aurela, Mika;Launiainen, Samuli;Katul, Gabriel
• 通讯作者: Katul, Gabriel

Adjustments to the law of the wall above an Amazon forest explained by a spectral link

通过光谱链接解释亚马逊森林上方墙壁法则的调整

• DOI: 10.1063/5.0135697
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Physics of Fluids
• 影响因子: 4.6
• 作者: Mortarini, Luca;Katul, Gabriel G.;Cava, Daniela;Dias-Junior, Cleo Quaresma;Dias, Nelson Luis;Manzi, Antonio;Sorgel, Matthias;Araújo, Alessandro;Chamecki, Marcelo
• 通讯作者: Chamecki, Marcelo

The Intensifying Role of High Wind Speeds on Air‐Sea Carbon Dioxide Exchange

高风速对空气-海洋二氧化碳交换的强化作用

• DOI: 10.1029/2020gl090713
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Geophysical Research Letters
• 影响因子: 5.2
• 作者: Gu, Yuanyuan;Katul, Gabriel G.;Cassar, Nicolas
• 通讯作者: Cassar, Nicolas