RESEARCH-PGR: Comparative Genomics and Biochemistry of Colored Nectars

研究-PGR：有色花蜜的比较基因组学和生物化学

• 批准号: 2025297
• 负责人: Clay Carter
• 金额: $ 130万
• 依托单位: University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2020-08-01 至 2024-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2025297&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: RESEARCH; PGR; Comparative; Genomics; Biochemistry

Nearly 90% of flowering plants produce floral nectar, the volume and composition of which have been correlated with the efficiency of animal-mediated pollination that impacts the production of 87 out of 115 (~76%) of the leading global food crops which represents an annual value of $29 billion in the U.S. alone and accounts for one-third of total food production. Although sugars are the predominant nectar solutes, ~10% of nectar dry weight is represented by many types of non-sugar solutes, including specialized metabolites, like pigments. Pigments play essential roles in biotic interactions throughout the Tree of Life, with natural pigments having a global market value of $5B annually. This project will use a comparative genomics interdisciplinary approach to test the central hypothesis that colored nectars contain novel and known pigments, which evolved from being selectively favored through having spectral qualities attuned to pollinator vision. The activities outlined in this study are wholly novel and will provide new insights into the biology of an essential plant-animal mutualism on a genome-wide scale by (1) systematically profiling nectar pigments across species; (2) determining to what extent nectaries can actively control non-sugar nectar content, with an emphasis on nectar pigments; (3) understanding how evolutionary and natural history impact nectar quality with respect to pigment content; (4) identifying and characterizing enzymes involved in pigment synthesis; and, (5) systematically evaluating the true biological functions of nectar pigments. With respect to broader impacts, the project will help train the next generation of plant biologists by providing research training experiences for undergraduate, graduate, and middle school students. In addition, the project will take advantage of the broad public interest in the conservation of plant:pollinator interactions through citizen science projects.Plant-pollinator interactions have at least partially driven the massive species radiation observed in the angiosperms, leading not only to extreme diversification in flower size and morphology, but also the accompanying chemistries behind attractants (color and scent) and rewards (nectar and pollen). Although rare, one floral trait that has evolved multiple times is colored nectar, which is suggested to serve as a visual cue of reward to prospective pollinators. Approximately 70 plant species are known to produce colored nectars, but the identities of these pigments, their associated syntheses, and true biological functions, have not yet been described. To address this gap in knowledge, the overarching goal of this project is to decipher the diversity, synthesis, and function of nectar pigments within a phylogenetic and evolutionary framework. The specific aims of this project include:1) Systematic identification of nectar pigments in 20+ taxa of diverse lineages via LC MS/MS, including multiple sister taxa with different colored nectars. 2) Comparative transcriptomics and proteomics of nectaries and nectars. RNA-seq will be conducted on nectaries throughout floral maturation to enable comparative mining of pigment synthesis pathways, as well as nectar protein identification, which we predict to be involved in pigment formation.3) Determine mechanisms of pigment formation. This aim will characterize the role of nectar proteins in pigment formation.4) Initiation of functional analyses of nectar pigments. Nectar pigments may serve as visual cues to pollinators. This aim will evaluate if colored nectars are visible and conspicuous to suspected pollinators. All methods and datasets will be made publicly available through the project website (www.nectarygenomics.org) and publications. Long-term access will be provided through established public data repositories.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

近90％的开花植物产生花蜜，其体积和成分与动物介导的授粉效率相关，这影响了主要全球粮食作物中115（约76％）的生产，这代表了美国单独的每年290亿美元的价值，并且占食品总产量的三分之一。尽管糖是主要的花蜜溶质，但约有10％的花蜜干重由多种类型的非糖溶质（包括特殊代谢物）等多种非糖溶质表示。颜料在整个生命之树的生物互动中起着重要的作用，自然颜料每年的全球市场价值为$ 5B。该项目将使用比较基因组学跨学科方法来测试彩色花蜜包含新颖和已知色素的中心假设，这些假设从通过具有对传粉媒介视觉的光谱质量而被选择性地偏爱而发展。这项研究中概述的活动是完全新颖的，将通过（1）通过（1）系统地对跨物种进行跨基因组量表的基本植物动物互助的生物学提供新的见解； （2）确定蜜蜂在多大程度上可以主动控制非糖花蜜含量，并着重于花蜜色素； （3）了解进化和自然历史如何影响色素含量的花蜜质量； （4）识别和表征与色素合成有关的酶； （5）系统地评估花蜜色素的真实生物学功能。关于更广泛的影响，该项目将通过为本科，研究生和中学生提供研究培训经验来帮助培训下一代植物生物学家。此外，该项目将利用对植物保护的广泛公共利益：通过公民科学项目进行授粉媒介的相互作用。植物 - 授粉的相互作用至少驱动了在被子植物中观察到的巨大物种辐射，这不仅导致花朵大小和术语的极端多样化，而且还导致了吸引人（伴随着吸引人的化学效果）（和corless and Cornect and Collesprisan）和Rewardran和Rewards（Necran）和富粉（Necran）和富粉（Necran）和富粉（Necran）和富粉（Nectran）和富粉酸。尽管很少见，但多次进化的花卉特征是有色花蜜的，这被认为是对前瞻性传粉媒介的视觉提示。已知大约70种植物物种会产生有色的花蜜，但是这些色素的身份，它们相关的合成和真实的生物学功能尚未描述。为了解决知识的这一差距，该项目的总体目标是破译系统发育和进化框架内花蜜色素的多样性，合成和功能。该项目的具体目的包括：1）通过LC MS/MS（包括带有不同彩色花蜜的多个姊妹分类单元），系统地识别20多个不同谱系的花蜜色素的系统鉴定。 2）花蜜和花蜜的比较转录组学和蛋白质组学。 RNA-seq将在整个花卉成熟过程中对蜜饯进行，以实现色素合成途径的比较开采，以及花蜜蛋白鉴定，我们预计我们预计与色素形成有关。3）确定色素形成的机制。该目标将表征花蜜蛋白在色素形成中的作用。4）启动花蜜色素的功能分析。花蜜色素可以作为传粉媒介的视觉提示。该目标将评估是否可见彩色的花蜜对可疑的传粉媒介。所有方法和数据集将通过项目网站（www.nectarygenomics.org）和出版物公开提供。该奖项将通过既定的公共数据存储库提供长期访问。该奖项反映了NSF的法定任务，并被认为是值得通过基金会的知识分子优点和更广泛影响的评论标准来评估值得支持的。

项目成果

An Optimized Optical Clearing Pipeline for Intact 3D Plant Imaging and Visualization of Fluorescent Probes

用于完整 3D 植物成像和荧光探针可视化的优化光学透明管道

• DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.499
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Microscopy and Microanalysis
• 影响因子: 2.8
• 作者: Solhaug, Erik;Roy, Rahul;Willey, Patrick T;Kane, Nadia;Carter, Clay;Sanders, Mark A
• 通讯作者: Sanders, Mark A

A cell wall invertase controls nectar volume and sugar composition

• DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15357
• 发表时间: 2021-07-29
• 期刊: PLANT JOURNAL
• 影响因子: 7.2
• 作者: Minami，Anzu;Kang，Xiaojun;Carter，Clay J.
• 通讯作者: Carter，Clay J.

Nectar antimicrobial compounds and their potential effects on pollinators

• DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.03.004
• 发表时间: 2021-04-27
• 期刊: CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE
• 影响因子: 5.3
• 作者: Schmitt, Anthony;Roy, Rahul;Carter, Clay J.
• 通讯作者: Carter, Clay J.

LC-MS/MS based comparative proteomics of floral nectars reveal different mechanisms involved in floral defense of Nicotiana spp., Petunia hybrida and Datura stramonium

• DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103618
• 发表时间: 2020-02-20
• 期刊: JOURNAL OF PROTEOMICS
• 影响因子: 3.3
• 作者: Silva, Fredy A.;Guirgis, Adel;Thornburg, Robert
• 通讯作者: Thornburg, Robert

Post‐secretory synthesis of a natural analog of iron‐gall ink in the black nectar of Melianthus spp.

在Melianthus spp 的黑色花蜜中进行铁的天然类似物五倍子墨水的后分泌合成。

• DOI: 10.1111/nph.18859
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: New Phytologist
• 影响因子: 9.4
• 作者: Magner, Evin T.;Roy, Rahul;Freund Saxhaug, Katrina;Zambre, Amod;Bruns, Kaitlyn;Snell‐Rood, Emilie C.;Hampton, Marshall;Hegeman, Adrian D.;Carter, Clay J.
• 通讯作者: Carter, Clay J.