Collaborative Research: Processes that Regulate Vertical Accelerations in Supercell Updrafts

合作研究：调节超级单体上升气流中垂直加速度的过程

• 批准号: 1928319
• 负责人: Christopher Nowotarski
• 金额: $ 43.78万
• 依托单位: Texas A&M University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2019-09-01 至 2024-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1928319&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Processes; Regulate; Vertical

The especially intense updrafts in supercell thunderstorms facilitate the production of large hail, tornadoes, extreme rainfall rates, and prolific lightning. As a result of their great impacts on society, considerable research efforts are warranted to better understand and predict the environmental factors that contribute to the vertical accelerations that give way to supercells' impressive updrafts. This collaborative research effort will utilize numerous, innovative high-resolution numerical modeling experiments coupled with observational datasets in order to understand the forcing for supercell updrafts at various heights over a range of realistic near-storm environments. Thus, this work has tangible broader impacts to society through its potential to improve understanding and forecasting of supercell thunderstorms and their related hazards as well as through training of a new generation of scientists. Motivated by a current lack of comprehensive understanding in these areas, this research will investigate the following scientific questions: (1) How do low-level stability, low-level shear, and low-level storm-relative flow conspire to determine a storm's effective inflow layer? (2) How do concurrent changes in low-level stability and shear, as occurs during the evening transition, influence the ratio of air ingested from different layers and the vertical profiles of buoyant and dynamic pressure accelerations in the lower portion of a supercell updraft? (3) How might the connection between storm-relative flow and updraft width influence an updraft's profile of buoyant and dynamic vertical accelerations? These questions will be answered using numerical simulations with a range of realism from highly idealized to real-data simulations of observed storms, wherein quantities such as the effective inflow layer, updraft forcing, and entrainment will be compared and verified via dual-Doppler radar observations when available.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

超级雷暴中特别强烈的上升气流促进了大冰雹、龙卷风、极端降雨率和多产闪电的产生。由于它们对社会的巨大影响，需要大量的研究工作来更好地理解和预测导致超级单体令人印象深刻的上升气流的垂直加速度的环境因素。这项合作研究工作将利用大量创新的高分辨率数值模拟实验与观测数据集相结合，以了解一系列现实的近风暴环境中不同高度的超级单体上升气流的强迫。因此，这项工作通过其提高对超级雷暴及其相关危害的理解和预报的潜力以及通过培训新一代科学家，对社会产生了切实更广泛的影响。由于目前对这些领域缺乏全面的了解，本研究将研究以下科学问题：（1）低层稳定性、低层切变和低层风暴相关流如何共同决定风暴的有效流入层? (2) 夜间过渡期间发生的低层稳定性和切变的同时变化如何影响从不同层吸入的空气比例以及超级单体上升气流下部的浮力和动压加速度的垂直剖面？ (3) 风暴相关流和上升气流宽度之间的联系如何影响浮力和动态垂直加速度的上升气流剖面？ 这些问题将通过一系列现实的数值模拟来回答，从高度理想化到观测到的风暴的真实数据模拟，其中有效流入层、上升气流强迫和夹带等量将通过双多普勒雷达观测进行比较和验证该奖项反映了 NSF 的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

项目成果

Are Supercells Resistant to Entrainment because of Their Rotation?

超级细胞是否因其旋转而能抵抗夹带？

• DOI: 10.1175/jas-d-19-0316.1
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
• 影响因子: 3.1
• 作者: Peters, John M.;Nowotarski, Christopher J.;Mullendore, Gretchen L.
• 通讯作者: Mullendore, Gretchen L.

The Influence of Shear on Deep Convection Initiation. Part I: Theory

切变对深层对流引发的影响。

• DOI: 10.1175/jas-d-21-0145.1
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
• 影响因子: 3.1
• 作者: Peters, John M.;Morrison, Hugh;Nelson, T. Connor;Marquis, James N.;Mulholland, Jake P.;Nowotarski, Christopher J.
• 通讯作者: Nowotarski, Christopher J.

Evaluating the Effective Inflow Layer of Simulated Supercell Updrafts

评估模拟超级单体上升气流的有效流入层

• DOI: 10.1175/mwr-d-20-0013.1
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Monthly Weather Review
• 影响因子: 3.2
• 作者: Nowotarski, Christopher J.;Peters, John M.;Mulholland, Jake P.
• 通讯作者: Mulholland, Jake P.

A Formula for the Maximum Vertical Velocity in Supercell Updrafts

超级单体上升气流中最大垂直速度的公式

• DOI: 10.1175/jas-d-20-0103.1
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
• 影响因子: 3.1
• 作者: Peters, John M.;Morrison, Hugh;Nowotarski, Christopher J.;Mulholland, Jake P.;Thompson, Richard L.
• 通讯作者: Thompson, Richard L.

The Early Evening Transition in Southeastern U.S. Tornado Environments

美国东南部龙卷风环境的傍晚过渡

• DOI: 10.1175/waf-d-20-0191.1
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Weather and Forecasting
• 影响因子: 2.9
• 作者: Brown, Matthew C.;Nowotarski, Christopher J.;Dean, Andrew R.;Smith, Bryan T.;Thompson, Richard L.;Peters, John M.
• 通讯作者: Peters, John M.