RAPID: Documenting the development of a lava delta at the 2018 Lower East Rift Zone eruption of Kilauea Volcano

RAPID：记录 2018 年东裂谷下部地区基拉韦厄火山喷发时熔岩三角洲的发展

• 批准号: 1846068
• 负责人: Samuel Soule
• 金额: $ 2.63万
• 依托单位: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2018-09-01 至 2019-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1846068&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: RAPID; Documenting; development; lava; delta

In April 2018, a dramatic shift took place in the ongoing eruption of Kilauea volcano. Both the summit lava lake and the vent at Puu Oo, active for 35 years, catastrophically drained, sending magma to the Lower East Rift Zone where it began to erupt. During much of the time since then, lava erupting from rift zone fissures has traversed the coastal plains and reached the ocean, where it breaks apart and is deposited in coastal waters. The objective of this study is to conduct a multibeam bathymetric survey at the sites of the ongoing ocean entry to map the extent and volume of lava deposition and characterize the mechanisms of deposition and collapse that shape the submarine lava delta and influence the stability of the newly formed coastline. Ocean entry sites on Kilauea Volcano are among the most volcanically hazardous areas in Hawaii, as recurring collapses of lava deltas can cause significant explosions and local tsunamis. These collapses occur largely without warning. This project will collect the data necessary to evaluate the mechanisms of lava delta collapse that are required to mitigate this hazard. The United States Geological Survey's Hawaii Volcanoes Observatory is a partner on this project.Although lava can cross the land-ocean interface intact and build shallow submarine lava flows, more commonly lava is fragmented due to lava-seawater interaction as it enters the ocean. As a result, lava deltas are largely constructed with volcaniclastic material along with lava blocks generated during the collapse of the landward portion of the deltas. Several studies have examined the formation of lava deltas from subaerial observations, but few studies have been able to directly observe the submarine portions of deltas during formation. As such, the ongoing eruption of Kilauea offers an excellent opportunity to characterize how lava deltas are formed, the magnitude and mechanisms of collapse, and the relationship of these processes to lava flux (e.g., across the land-ocean interface) and other environmental parameters (e.g., seismicity, wave climate). Mapping the early stages of lava deposition in the submarine environment will serve as a baseline for repeat bathymetric surveys that could close the loop on the relationship between geophysical and geochemical monitoring of the magmatic system (e.g., seismicity, deformation, gas geochemistry) and the volumes and rates of lava erupted.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

2018年4月，正在喷发的基拉韦厄火山发生了戏剧性的转变。山顶熔岩湖和 Puu Oo 的喷口都活跃了 35 年，但都发生了灾难性的枯竭，将岩浆输送到了东裂谷下部地带，并在那里开始喷发。 此后的大部分时间里，从裂谷带裂缝喷出的熔岩穿过沿海平原到达海洋，在那里破裂并沉积在沿海水域。本研究的目的是在正在进入海洋的地点进行多波束测深调查，以绘制熔岩沉积的范围和体积，并表征形成海底熔岩三角洲并影响新熔岩三角洲稳定性的沉积和塌陷机制。形成的海岸线。基拉韦厄火山的入海点是夏威夷火山最危险的地区之一，因为熔岩三角洲反复塌陷可能导致严重爆炸和当地海啸。这些崩溃大多是在没有警告的情况下发生的。该项目将收集评估熔岩三角洲塌陷机制所需的数据，以减轻这种危险。美国地质调查局的夏威夷火山观测站是该项目的合作伙伴。虽然熔岩可以完整地穿过陆地-海洋界面并形成浅层海底熔岩流，但更常见的是，熔岩在进入海洋时会由于熔岩与海水的相互作用而破碎。因此，熔岩三角洲主要由火山碎屑物质以及三角洲向陆部分塌陷期间产生的熔岩块构成。一些研究通过空中观测研究了熔岩三角洲的形成，但很少有研究能够直接观察三角洲形成过程中的海底部分。因此，基拉韦厄火山的持续喷发提供了一个绝佳的机会来描述熔岩三角洲的形成方式、塌陷的程度和机制，以及这些过程与熔岩通量（例如，穿过陆地-海洋界面）和其他环境参数的关系。 （例如地震活动、波浪气候）。绘制海底环境熔岩沉积的早期阶段图将作为重复测深测量的基线，从而闭合岩浆系统的地球物理和地球化学监测（例如地震活动、变形、气体地球化学）与体积之间的关系该奖项反映了 NSF 的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

项目成果

Mapping the Lava Deltas of the 2018 Eruption of Kilauea Volcano

绘制 2018 年基拉韦厄火山喷发的熔岩三角洲地图

• 发表时间: 2019-03
• 期刊: Oceanography
• 影响因子: 2.8
• 作者: Soule, S.A.;Heffron, E.;Gee, L.;Mayer, L.;Raineault, N.A.;German, C.R.;Lim, D.S.S.;Zoeller, M.;Parcheta, C.
• 通讯作者: Parcheta, C.