NSF/ENG/ECCS-BSF: Collaborative Research: Random Channel Cryptography

NSF/ENG/ECCS-BSF：协作研究：随机通道密码学

• 批准号: 1809099
• 负责人: Hui Cao
• 金额: $ 22.5万
• 依托单位: Yale University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2018-09-01 至 2021-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1809099&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: NSF; ENG; ECCS; BSF; Collaborative

Physical-Layer Key Distribution Using Multimode FibersInformation security is of paramount importance in today's connected world. Currently, information is secured through public-key cryptography, which is based on the inability of the state-of-the-art computers to solve certain mathematical problems such as prime number factorization in an efficient manner. Therefore, these cryptographic methods are not secure against advances in computing paradigms and computing power. As a result, quantum key distribution (QKD) has received significant academic and commercial attention in recent years. QKD is fundamentally secure by virtue of the quantum properties of light including the no-cloning theorem and the uncertainty principle. However, QKD cannot satisfy the increasing capacity (key rate and distance) demand of commercial applications. In the meantime, even though classical key distribution (CKD) can provide higher capacity, none of the optical CKD methods proposed so far can guarantee security. Instead, existing optical CKD methods can only provide deterrence to hacking by imposing hacking asymmetry: making equipment for eavesdropping prohibitively more complicated than that for key distribution between legitimate users. Given its importance in today's information-based economy, physical-layer secure key generation and distribution represents a technology gap that can only be addressed by transformative research. We propose a physical-layer key distribution method using multimode fibers, which we call Random Channel Cryptography (RCC), that offers the best of both worlds: capacity and hacking asymmetry of CKD, and security of QKD.Random Channel Cryptography is based on a central result in information-theoretic security that the security of key distribution at the physical-layer is guaranteed as long as the legitimate users have access to a common source of randomness, through channels that are less noisy than the channel of the hacker. We exploit communication channels such as a multimode optical fiber with distributed mode coupling that is inherently random, but deterministically symmetric as a result of reciprocity, for simultaneous key generation and distribution. In RCC, both Alice and Bob send a continuous-wave single-mode laser through an arbitrary degree of freedom in space into a random, spatially-, spectrally- and temporally-varying multidimensional channel, such as a multimode fiber, and both receive the time-varying intensities in the same degree of freedom in space. A common key can be established between Alice and Bob from the measured intensities, which are correlated with each other because the CW lights traverse the reciprocal paths. Neither Alice nor Bob needs to generate a key. Instead, the secure key is generated in a distributed fashion along the multidimensional channel and becomes simultaneously available to Alice and Bob. Security of RCC is enhanced as a consequence of hacking asymmetry. In RCC, Alice and Bob only need to make a small number of measurements whereas, in order to break the key, the eavesdropper must make M simultaneous measurements, where M is the number of fiber modes, which could be on the order of several hundred. Thus, if measurements performed by Alice and Bob represent the state-of-the-art, measurements required of the eavesdropper will be several orders of magnitude beyond the state-of-the-art. We believe that the key rate and distance of RCC can be 10Gb/s and 300 km, respectively, using off-the-shelf components. We propose to conduct research to:- determine the performance limits of RCC, - design methods to reach those limits, and further - prove the security of RCC against general passive and active attacks. In conclusion, RCC has the potential to become a secure, high-capacity key-distribution method for commercial applications.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

在当今的连接世界中，使用多模纤维信息安全性使用多模纤维的物理层键分布至关重要。当前，信息是通过公用密码学来确保的，该密码基于最先进的计算机无法以有效的方式解决某些数学问题，例如素数问题。因此，这些加密方法并不是针对计算范式和计算能力的进步的安全。结果，近年来，量子密钥分布（QKD）受到了学术和商业关注。 QKD从根本上确保了光的量子特性，包括无用定理和不确定性原理。但是，QKD无法满足商业应用的增加的能力（关键率和距离）需求。同时，即使经典键分布（CKD）可以提供更高的容量，但到目前为止，提出的光学CKD方法都无法保证安全性。取而代之的是，现有的光学CKD方法只能通过施加黑客不对称性来使黑客攻击：为合法用户之间的关键分布更复杂的窃听设备更为复杂。鉴于其在当今基于信息的经济中的重要性，物理层安全的密钥生成和分布代表了技术差距，只能通过变革性研究来解决。我们提出了一种使用多模纤维的物理层密钥分布方法，我们称之为随机通道密码学（RCC），该方法提供了两全其美的最佳：CKD的容量和黑客攻击不对称以及QKD.Random Channel密码学的安全性是基于一个信息理论安全性的中心结果是，只要合法用户可以通过比黑客渠道噪音较小的频道访问常见的随机性，可以保证在物理层处的密钥分布的安全性。我们利用诸如具有分布式模式耦合的多模光纤诸如固有随机的，但由于互惠性而确定性对称的沟通通道，以同时对称键的生成和分布。在RCC中，爱丽丝和鲍勃都通过任意空间的自由度发送连续的波浪单模激光器，以随机的，空间的，频谱和时间相反的多维通道，例如多模纤维，并且都接收在太空中自由度相同的时间变化强度。可以从测得的强度从爱丽丝和鲍勃之间建立一个通用钥匙，因为CW灯横穿相互的路径，它们相互关联。爱丽丝和鲍勃都不需要生成钥匙。取而代之的是，沿多维通道以分布式方式生成安全键，并同时为爱丽丝和鲍勃提供。 RCC的安全性是由于黑客不对称而提高的。在RCC中，爱丽丝和鲍勃只需要进行少量的测量，而为了打破钥匙，窃听器必须同时进行M的测量，其中m是光纤模式的数量，这可以按几百个顺序。因此，如果爱丽丝和鲍勃所做的测量值代表最先进的测量，则窃听器所需的测量值将超出最先进的数量级。 我们认为，使用现成的组件，RCC的关键速率和距离可以分别为10GB/s和300 km。我们建议进行研究以： - 确定RCC的性能限制， - 设计方法达到这些限制，并进一步证明RCC对一般被动和主动攻击的安全性。总之，RCC有可能成为商业应用的安全，高容量的密钥分布方法。该奖项反映了NSF的法定任务，并且使用基金会的知识分子优点和更广泛的审查标准，被认为值得通过评估来获得支持。

项目成果

Remote key establishment by random mode mixing in multimode fibers and optical reciprocity

• DOI: 10.1117/1.oe.58.1.016105
• 发表时间: 2019-01-01
• 期刊: OPTICAL ENGINEERING
• 影响因子: 1.3
• 作者: Bromberg, Yaron;Redding, Brandon;Cao, Hui
• 通讯作者: Cao, Hui

High-Speed Random-Channel Cryptography in Multimode Fibers

• DOI: 10.1109/jphot.2021.3049253
• 发表时间: 2021-02
• 期刊: IEEE Photonics Journal
• 影响因子: 2.4
• 作者: Rachel Sampson;H. Wen;Bin Huang;R. Amezcua Correa;Y. Bromberg;H. Cao;Guifang Li

Long-range spatio-temporal correlations in multimode fibers for pulse delivery

• DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10916-4
• 发表时间: 2019-07-05
• 期刊: NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
• 影响因子: 16.6
• 作者: Xiong, Wen;Hsu, Chia Wei;Cao, Hui
• 通讯作者: Cao, Hui

Deep learning of ultrafast pulses with a multimode fiber

• DOI: 10.1063/5.0007037
• 发表时间: 2019-11
• 期刊: arXiv: Optics
• 作者: Wen Xiong;B. Redding;S. Gertler;Y. Bromberg;H. Tagare;H. Cao