CAREER: Research and education on landscape, climate, and biophysical controls of the urban water cycle amid urban warming and global change

职业：在城市变暖和全球变化的背景下，对景观、气候和城市水循环的生物物理控制进行研究和教育

基本信息

批准号：
1751377
负责人：
Kevan Moffett
金额：
$ 69.05万
依托单位：
Washington State University
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
Continuing Grant
财政年份：
2018
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2018-08-01 至 2024-07-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1751377&HistoricalAwards=false
关键词：
CAREER Research education landscape climate

项目摘要

A majority of Earth's population now lives in urban areas. In cities, humans have intensively reconfigured the landscape and extensively concentrated resources. These urban environs are expected to host almost all future global population growth. If and how cities will remain livable in the future, however, is a critical question. Key factors of livability include a comfortable environment, access to and efficient use of water, and resilience to extremes of drought, flood, cold, and heat. Natural science suggests that these factors are strongly related to the vegetation cover, soils, and heat and water balances of a place, but it is an open question how precisely lessons from natural science conducted in rural, natural areas might apply to cities. Among the most prominent, unique characteristics of cities are their extreme spatial variations in land cover (e.g., grass, pavement, trees, gardens, and bare ground juxtaposed over short distances) and the phenomenon called the urban heat island (UHI). An UHI occurs where an urban area is substantially warmer than nearby rural areas due to factors such as greater absorption of solar energy by paved surfaces and less evaporative cooling from dry urban surfaces than rural fields or forests. This project will determine (1) how urban landscape variations, heat, and water balances interact as cause and consequence of local hot or cool microclimates within the city, (2) how microclimates and their vegetative and hydrologic influences relate to urban human health and comfort, and (3) how the overall UHI climate and hydrologic regime of cities may be made more resilient to weather extremes for the benefit of urban infrastructure, urban environmental quality, and urban human safety. To the extent that the linked surface water and energy balances of a city might be controlled by is landscape composition and configuration, with sufficient knowledge of urban heterogeneity-heat-water relations, cities could be engineered for greater health and sustainability, even in the face of global change. The dual goals of this project are to (1) quantify the links and feedbacks between urban landscape heterogeneity, urban heat, and the urban water cycle and (2) to forge a strong pipeline between science, education, and management to help empower people of all abilities and positions to develop practices to enhance the comfort and resilience of urban landscapes in the face of global change. The research will address how the distributed surface water and energy balances of the urban environment function, whether they function differently in urban heat or cool islands, how they are governed by various types of land cover, and how they in turn affect water resource demands and human comfort. Research approaches will include in situ quantitative monitoring of the heat and water balances of the most common urban land covers subject to the same microclimate island and compared among different microclimates; field, remote sensing, and modeling investigation of urban soil moisture's controls on urban warming; physics-based numerical modeling of urban landscape composition and configuration controls on microclimate, surface energy balance, and surface water balance; and remote sensing and modelling assessments of how progressive urbanization and warming and the scale of data considered may influence the quantifications of urban heat and water cycles. This project will also foster research-education-management synergy with multiple open-access innovations. Urban environmental science field course modules will be developed for a variety of age levels (pre-school to graduate) to foster place-based, experiential, and life-long STEM learning. The modules will also be explicitly designed to make field science accessible to students with mobility needs. Research-management collaboration will occur among a consortium of western US cities and universities and public outreach on "urban backyard science" will freely distribute educational urban-environment activities for all ages.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

地球上的大多数人口现在居住在城市地区。在城市中，人类密集地重新配置了景观，广泛地集中了资源。这些城市环境预计将容纳未来全球几乎所有的人口增长。然而，城市未来是否以及如何保持宜居是一个关键问题。宜居性的关键因素包括舒适的环境、水的获取和有效利用以及抵御极端干旱、洪水、寒冷和炎热的能力。自然科学表明，这些因素与一个地方的植被覆盖、土壤以及水热平衡密切相关，但在农村、自然地区进行的自然科学的经验教训如何准确地应用到城市仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。城市最突出、最独特的特征是土地覆盖的极端空间变化（例如短距离并置的草地、人行道、树木、花园和裸露地面）以及称为城市热岛（UHI）的现象。城市热岛效应发生在城市地区比附近农村地区温暖得多的地方，原因是铺装表面对太阳能的吸收更多，以及干燥城市表面比农村田地或森林的蒸发冷却更少等因素。该项目将确定（1）城市景观变化、热量和水平衡如何相互作用，作为城市内局部炎热或凉爽微气候的原因和结果，（2）微气候及其植物和水文影响如何与城市人类健康和舒适度相关，以及（3）如何使城市的整体城市热岛气候和水文状况对极端天气更有弹性，从而有利于城市基础设施、城市环境质量和城市人类安全。在一定程度上，城市的地表水和能源平衡可能受景观组成和配置的控制，只要对城市异质性-热-水关系有足够的了解，城市的设计就可以实现更大的健康和可持续性，即使面临着全球变化。该项目的双重目标是（1）量化城市景观异质性、城市热量和城市水循环之间的联系和反馈；（2）在科学、教育和管理之间建立强大的管道，以帮助人们增强能力所有能力和职位都可以开发实践，以增强城市景观在面对全球变化时的舒适度和复原力。该研究将探讨城市环境的分布式地表水和能量平衡如何发挥作用，它们在城市热岛或冷岛中的作用是否不同，它们如何受到各种类型的土地覆盖的控制，以及它们反过来如何影响水资源需求和人类的舒适度。研究方法将包括对同一小气候岛最常见城市土地覆盖的热量和水平衡进行现场定量监测，并在不同小气候之间进行比较；城市土壤湿度对城市变暖影响的实地、遥感和模型研究；基于物理的城市景观组成数值模拟以及对微气候、地表能量平衡和地表水平衡的配置控制；对渐进的城市化和变暖以及所考虑的数据规模如何影响城市热和水循环的量化进行遥感和建模评估。该项目还将通过多种开放获取创新促进研究-教育-管理的协同作用。城市环境科学领域课程模块将针对不同年龄段（学前至研究生）开发，以促进基于场所的、体验式的、终身的 STEM 学习。这些模块还将经过明确设计，以使有流动性需求的学生能够接触到现场科学。研究管理合作将在美国西部城市和大学联盟之间进行，“城市后院科学”的公共宣传将免费向所有年龄段的城市环境教育活动进行分发。该奖项反映了 NSF 的法定使命，并被认为值得通过以下方式支持：使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估。