CAREER: Research and education on landscape, climate, and biophysical controls of the urban water cycle amid urban warming and global change

职业：在城市变暖和全球变化的背景下，对景观、气候和城市水循环的生物物理控制进行研究和教育

基本信息

批准号：
1751377
负责人：
Kevan Moffett
金额：
$ 69.05万
依托单位：
Washington State University
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
Continuing Grant
财政年份：
2018
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2018-08-01 至 2024-07-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1751377&HistoricalAwards=false
关键词：
CAREER Research education landscape climate

项目摘要

A majority of Earth's population now lives in urban areas. In cities, humans have intensively reconfigured the landscape and extensively concentrated resources. These urban environs are expected to host almost all future global population growth. If and how cities will remain livable in the future, however, is a critical question. Key factors of livability include a comfortable environment, access to and efficient use of water, and resilience to extremes of drought, flood, cold, and heat. Natural science suggests that these factors are strongly related to the vegetation cover, soils, and heat and water balances of a place, but it is an open question how precisely lessons from natural science conducted in rural, natural areas might apply to cities. Among the most prominent, unique characteristics of cities are their extreme spatial variations in land cover (e.g., grass, pavement, trees, gardens, and bare ground juxtaposed over short distances) and the phenomenon called the urban heat island (UHI). An UHI occurs where an urban area is substantially warmer than nearby rural areas due to factors such as greater absorption of solar energy by paved surfaces and less evaporative cooling from dry urban surfaces than rural fields or forests. This project will determine (1) how urban landscape variations, heat, and water balances interact as cause and consequence of local hot or cool microclimates within the city, (2) how microclimates and their vegetative and hydrologic influences relate to urban human health and comfort, and (3) how the overall UHI climate and hydrologic regime of cities may be made more resilient to weather extremes for the benefit of urban infrastructure, urban environmental quality, and urban human safety. To the extent that the linked surface water and energy balances of a city might be controlled by is landscape composition and configuration, with sufficient knowledge of urban heterogeneity-heat-water relations, cities could be engineered for greater health and sustainability, even in the face of global change. The dual goals of this project are to (1) quantify the links and feedbacks between urban landscape heterogeneity, urban heat, and the urban water cycle and (2) to forge a strong pipeline between science, education, and management to help empower people of all abilities and positions to develop practices to enhance the comfort and resilience of urban landscapes in the face of global change. The research will address how the distributed surface water and energy balances of the urban environment function, whether they function differently in urban heat or cool islands, how they are governed by various types of land cover, and how they in turn affect water resource demands and human comfort. Research approaches will include in situ quantitative monitoring of the heat and water balances of the most common urban land covers subject to the same microclimate island and compared among different microclimates; field, remote sensing, and modeling investigation of urban soil moisture's controls on urban warming; physics-based numerical modeling of urban landscape composition and configuration controls on microclimate, surface energy balance, and surface water balance; and remote sensing and modelling assessments of how progressive urbanization and warming and the scale of data considered may influence the quantifications of urban heat and water cycles. This project will also foster research-education-management synergy with multiple open-access innovations. Urban environmental science field course modules will be developed for a variety of age levels (pre-school to graduate) to foster place-based, experiential, and life-long STEM learning. The modules will also be explicitly designed to make field science accessible to students with mobility needs. Research-management collaboration will occur among a consortium of western US cities and universities and public outreach on "urban backyard science" will freely distribute educational urban-environment activities for all ages.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

现在，大多数地球人口都住在城市地区。在城市中，人类深入重新配置了景观并广泛集中资源。这些城市环境预计将几乎拥有未来所有的全球人口增长。但是，是否以及将来如何保持城市的宜居是一个关键问题。宜居性的关键因素包括舒适的环境，可以使用和有效利用水以及对干旱，洪水，寒冷和热量极端的弹性。自然科学表明，这些因素与一个地方的植被覆盖，土壤以及热量和水平衡密切相关，但这是一个悬而未决的问题，这是一个悬而未决的问题，在农村自然科学的自然科学中，自然地区的自然科学是如何适用于城市的。城市中最突出，独特的特征是它们在土地覆盖中的极端空间变化（例如草，人行道，树木，花园和裸露的地面在短距离上并列），而这种现象称为城市热岛（UHI）。发生UHI发生，由于诸如铺装表面更大的太阳能吸收和从干燥的城市表面的蒸发较少的因素，城市地区比附近的农村地区要温暖得多。该项目将确定（1）城市景观的变化，热量和水平衡如何作为当地炎热或凉爽的小城市内部的原因和结果相互作用，（（2）微气候及其营养和水文影响如何与城市人类健康和舒适性相关，以及（3）整体UHI气候和水文环境可能会使您的风险造成的良好的风险构成风险的良好，而造成了良好的风险，而这些企业的良好是造成的，而造成了良好的风气，而造成了良好的风险，而造成了良好的风气，这是如何造成的。质量和城市人类安全。在一定程度上，城市的地表水和能源平衡可能由景观组成和配置控制，并且对城市异质性热关系的足够了解，即使面对全球变化，城市也可以为更大的健康和可持续性设计。该项目的双重目标是（1）量化城市景观异质性，城市热量和城市水周期之间的联系和反馈，以及（2）在科学，教育和管理之间建立强大的管道，以帮助赋予所有能力和职位的人们的能力，以增强全球范围内景观的舒适性和恢复性的实践和恢复性。这项研究将解决城市环境的分布地表水和能源平衡的功能，无论它们在城市热量还是在凉爽的岛屿中的作用，它们如何受各种土地覆盖率支配，以及它们又如何影响水资源需求和人类的舒适感。研究方法将包括原位定量监测最常见的城市土地的热量和水平衡，覆盖了同一微气候岛，并在不同的微气候之间进行了比较；田间，遥感和建模研究城市土壤水分对城市变暖的控制；基于物理学的数值建模对微气候，表面能量平衡和地表水平衡的城市景观组成和配置控制；以及对渐进的城市化和变暖以及所考虑的数据规模的遥感和建模评估可能会影响城市热和水周期的量化。该项目还将促进研究 - 教育管理协同作用，并通过多个开放式创新。城市环境科学现场课程模块将针对各种年龄水平（毕业的学龄前）开发，以培养基于地方，体验和终身的STEM学习。这些模块还将明确设计，以使具有移动性需求的学生可以访问现场科学。研究管理的合作将在美国西部城市和大学的联盟中进行，以及关于“城市后院科学”的公共宣传，将自由分发各个年龄段的教育城市环境活动。该奖项反映了NSF的法定任务，并通过评估该基金会的智力功能和广泛的影响来评估NSF的法定任务。