Collaborative Research: Advancing Deformation Monitoring Methods at Axial Seamount

合作研究：推进轴向海山变形监测方法

• 批准号: 1736882
• 负责人: William Chadwick
• 金额: $ 19.89万
• 依托单位: Oregon State University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2017-10-01 至 2023-09-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1736882&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Advancing; Deformation; Monitoring

This research project continues long-term study and monitoring of the most active submarine volcano in the world. Axial Seamount is located about 300 miles off the coast of Oregon and represents one of the best places to study how volcanoes work because it erupts frequently and repetitively and has numerous monitoring instruments linked to shore via cable which is part of the newly commissioned National Science Foundation's Ocean Observing Initiative. This research focuses on continuing the present time series data collection effort and using the data to understand how magma (molten rock) is stored in the shallow crust at volcanoes, how it is delivered to the surface, how eruptions are triggered, and how eruptions can be successfully forecast. Field work involves use of newly developed, precise, pressure sensors and autonomous underwater vehicles using geodetics to measure vertical movements of the seafloor, which take place as Axial Seamount, gradually inflates like a balloon, with magma seeping in and filling its subterranean magma chamber a few kilometers below the seafloor. During inflation (the present situation) and deflation (loss of volume due to eruption of lavas on the seafloor, the last of which occurred in 2015) the seafloor moves up and down as much as 8-12 feet. As observed in Axial's last two eruption cycles, when the volcano is fully "re-inflated" it is ready to erupt again. Monitoring for almost two decades has shown that Axial Seamount inflates to a similar amount before each eruption. This allowed the two previous eruptions to be successfully forecast months in advance. Collection of this new data will be complemented by geodynamic modeling focused on understanding how volcano inflation influences the deformation field around it. Broader impacts of this research have broad implications for the understanding of volcano hazards, utilizes the new Ocean Observing Initiative's cabled array and complementary sensor suites, helps build infrastructure for science, and provides training for students. It will also result in a new software package to enable autonomous underwater vehicles to perform terrain-following grids of features on the seafloor. Results from this study may have important implications for better understanding magma chamber filling and eruption associated with volcanoes on land where the continental crust, many times, adds complexity to fundamental magma generation and magma chamber filling processes.Axial Seamount is on the Juan de Fuca Ridge off the coast of the northwestern United States. It erupted in 1998, 2011, and most recently again in April 2015. It has been instrumented for this period of time with sensors that can detect ground motion and changes in elevation over time. It is now hooked to the undersea data cable and junction box of the National Science Foundation's Ocean Observing Initiative's cabled array. Thus, Axial Seamount is an ideal natural laboratory for the long-term study of active processes of submarine volcanos in a mid-ocean ridge setting. Long-term research and monitoring of Axial has created a remarkable time-series dataset of bottom pressure observations that have revealed repeated cycles of inflation and deflation that have been used to forecast eruptions with increasing accuracy. The 2015 eruption was the first captured in real time by the network of sensors now installed inside the volcano's caldera and on its flanks. These installations have revealed the inner workings of the volcano in unprecedented detail. This research will follow up on recent work by using autonomous underwater vehicles that generate high-resolution bathymetric maps that show the Axial deformation field extends well beyond its summit caldera. These new data complement the continuous, but spatially limited, pressure sensor measurements and put them into a geologic, morphological framework. This research will continue the pressure measurements and further develop a new autonomous underwater vehicle navigation technique to improve seafloor survey reliability and reproducibility. Results of this will be used to advance modeling of the deformation of the Axial subsurface magmatic system. It will also explore new quantitative numerical methods for improving eruption forecasts.

该研究项目继续对世界上最活跃的海底火山进行长期研究和监测。 轴心海山距离俄勒冈州海岸约 300 英里，是研究火山工作原理的最佳地点之一，因为它频繁、重复地喷发，并拥有许多通过电缆与海岸相连的监测仪器，这是新委托的国家科学基金会的一部分海洋观测倡议。这项研究的重点是继续目前的时间序列数据收集工作，并利用这些数据来了解岩浆（熔岩）如何储存在火山的浅层地壳中、如何输送到地表、如何触发喷发以及喷发如何影响火山喷发。才能成功预测。 现场工作涉及使用新开发的精确压力传感器和自主水下航行器，利用大地测量学来测量海底的垂直运动，这种运动发生在轴向海山像气球一样逐渐膨胀时，岩浆渗入并填充其地下岩浆室海底以下几公里。在通货膨胀（目前的情况）和通货紧缩（由于海底熔岩喷发导致体积损失，最后一次发生在 2015 年）期间，海底上下移动多达 8-12 英尺。正如在 Axial 的最后两个喷发周期中观察到的那样，当火山完全“重新膨胀”时，它就准备好再次喷发。近二十年的监测表明，轴海山在每次喷发前都会膨胀到相似的程度。这使得前两次火山喷发能够提前几个月成功预报。这些新数据的收集将得到地球动力学模型的补充，该模型专注于了解火山膨胀如何影响其周围的变形场。这项研究的更广泛影响对了解火山灾害具有广泛的影响，利用新的海洋观测计划的有线阵列和补充传感器套件，帮助建设科学基础设施，并为学生提供培训。它还将产生一个新的软件包，使自动水下航行器能够在海底执行地形跟踪网格功能。这项研究的结果可能对更好地理解与陆地上的火山相关的岩浆室充填和喷发具有重要意义，在陆地上，大陆地壳多次增加了基本岩浆生成和岩浆室充填过程的复杂性。轴状海山位于胡安德富卡海岭上美国西北部海岸附近。 它于 1998 年和 2011 年爆发，最近一次是在 2015 年 4 月。在这段时间内，它配备了传感器，可以检测地面运动和海拔随时间的变化。它现在已连接到美国国家科学基金会海洋观测计划电缆阵列的海底数据电缆和接线盒。因此，轴心海山是长期研究洋中脊环境中海底火山活动过程的理想天然实验室。 Axial 的长期研究和监测创建了一个出色的底部压力观测时间序列数据集，这些数据集揭示了通货膨胀和通货紧缩的重复循环，这些循环已被用于以越来越高的准确性预测火山喷发。 2015 年的火山喷发是目前安装在火山口及其侧面的传感器网络首次实时捕获的火山喷发。 这些装置以前所未有的细节揭示了火山的内部运作情况。这项研究将利用自动水下航行器生成高分辨率的测深图来跟进最近的工作，这些地图显示轴向变形场远远超出了火山口的顶部。 这些新数据补充了连续但空间有限的压力传感器测量结果，并将其纳入地质、形态框架中。这项研究将继续进行压力测量，并进一步开发一种新的自主水下航行器导航技术，以提高海底测量的可靠性和可重复性。其结果将用于推进轴向地下岩浆系统变形的建模。它还将探索新的定量数值方法来改进喷发预测。

项目成果

Toward a Universal Frequency of Occurrence Distribution for Tsunamis: Statistical Analysis of a 32‐Year Bottom Pressure Record at Axial Seamount

走向海啸发生的通用频率分布：轴向海山 32 年底部压力记录的统计分析

• DOI: 10.1029/2020gl087372
• 发表时间: 2020-05
• 期刊: Geophysical Research Letters
• 影响因子: 5.2
• 作者: Fine, Isaac V.;Thomson, Richard E.;Chadwick, William W.;Fox, Christopher G.
• 通讯作者: Fox, Christopher G.

Geodetic Monitoring at Axial Seamount Since Its 2015 Eruption Reveals a Waning Magma Supply and Tightly Linked Rates of Deformation and Seismicity

自 2015 年喷发以来对轴状海山的大地测量揭示了岩浆供应的减弱以及变形率与地震活动密切相关

• DOI: 10.1029/2021gc010153
• 发表时间: 2022-01
• 期刊: Geosystems
• 作者: Chadwick, Jr., William W.;Wilcock, William S. D.;Nooner, Scott L.;Beeson, Jeffrey W.;Sawyer, Audra M.;Lau, T. ‐K.
• 通讯作者: Lau, T. ‐K.

Revised Magmatic Source Models for the 2015 Eruption at Axial Seamount Including Estimates of Fault‐Induced Deformation

修订后的 2015 年轴向海山喷发岩浆源模型，包括断层诱发变形的估计

• DOI: 10.1029/2020jb019356
• 发表时间: 2020-04
• 期刊: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
• 作者: Hefner, William L.;Nooner, Scott L.;Chadwick, Jr, William W.;Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R.
• 通讯作者: Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R.

The Magnetization of an Underwater Caldera: A Time‐Lapse Magnetic Anomaly Study of Axial Seamount

水下破火山口的磁化：轴状海山的延时磁异常研究

• DOI: 10.1029/2022gl100008
• 发表时间: 2022-09
• 期刊: Geophysical Research Letters
• 影响因子: 5.2
• 作者: Fluegel, Bailey;Tivey, Maurice;Biasi, Joseph;Chadwick, William W.;Nooner, Scott L.
• 通讯作者: Nooner, Scott L.

Triggering of eruptions at Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge

胡安德富卡海岭轴海山喷发的触发

• DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67043-0
• 发表时间: 2020-12
• 期刊: Scientific Reports
• 影响因子: 4.6
• 作者: Cabaniss, Haley E.;Gregg, Patricia M.;Nooner, Scott L.;Chadwick, William W.
• 通讯作者: Chadwick, William W.