Collaborative Research: Kinematic, Microphysical and Electrical Processes Leading to Extreme Lightning Flash Rates over Argentina Using RELAMPAGO Observations

合作研究：使用 RELAMPAGO 观测导致阿根廷上空出现极端闪电频率的运动学、微物理和电气过程

• 批准号: 1661785
• 负责人: Lawrence Carey
• 金额: $ 57.98万
• 依托单位: University of Alabama in Huntsville
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2017-08-15 至 2022-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1661785&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Kinematic; Microphysical; Electrical

Some of the largest and most electrically active storms on earth occur in west-central Argentina in the lee of the Andes Mountains. These storms initiate at the foothills of the Andes Mountains as well as the Sierras de Córdoba (SDC) and produce extreme lightning amounts, large hail, tornadoes and heavy rainfall. The goal of this project is to advance the understanding of characteristics and causes of lightning in this understudied region of uniquely intense storms and differences in electrification between these storms and other convective storms in different environments that lead to such high impact weather. Towards these goals, researchers at the University of Colorado (CU) and the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) will study atmospheric conditions and physical processes that control storm electrification and lead to extreme lightning flash rates in conjunction with other high impact weather. Measurements of these severe storms will be taken during the planned RELAMPAGO (Remote sensing of Electrification, Lightning, And Mesoscale/microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations) field campaign to be able to address these goals. Such storms have a large economic impact as they pose a hazard to people, property, agriculture and infrastructure. An improved understanding of conditions and processes from the studied storms will lead to better nowcasting and forecasting of severe weather. Furthermore, this project will support educational training of graduate students and a postdoctoral researcher. They will participate in the scientific research through independent studies and participation in the RELAMPAGO field campaign and have the opportunity to collaborate with the US and international researchers from a multitude of disciplines.Some fundamental relationships between meteorology and electrification are not completely understood, including a lack of knowledge of how microphysical and kinematic processes control the development of charge regions inside deep convective storms. Recent studies in the US suggest that regional differences between microphysical, dynamical and electrical behavior exist. Thus, more research in different regions of the world such as in Argentina is needed to understand the physical connections between storm processes, electrification and lightning characteristics. The team of researchers from CU and UAH will investigate the environmental conditions and physical processes that control storm electrification and lead to extreme lightning flash rates of severe storms in west-central Argentina. The goal of the research is to advance understanding of storms producing extreme flash rates and of differences in electrification among convective storm types and environments that lead to high impact weather. This includes determining what role various storm environmental, kinematic and microphysical processes play in governing charge, charge region development and resultant flash rates and other properties (e.g., type, size, polarity, current, charge neutralized) in these extremely severe storms. Towards this goal, environmental, kinematic and microphysical measurements will be taken during the 9-month Department of Energy (DOE) CACTI (Clouds, Aerosols, and Complex Terrain Interactions) field campaign and the planned NSF/NASA/NOAA RELAMPAGO (Remote sensing of Electrification, Lightning, And Mesoscale/microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations) field campaign. As part of RELAMPAGO, CU and UAH will deploy instrumentation to measure lightning characteristics, electric fields, and inferred charge structures of severe storms during the Intensive Observing Period (11/1-12/15/2018). The CU/UAH team will use measurements from radars and atmospheric soundings deployed during RELAMPAGO to obtain thermodynamic, kinematic, and microphysical measurements. These will be used together with lightning measurements from CU/UAH as well as NASA to analyze the environmental conditions favoring extreme lightning production. They will also be used to study the physical cloud processes leading to charge region creation and extreme lightning flash rates.

地球上一些最大、最活跃的风暴发生在阿根廷中西部安第斯山脉的背风处，这些风暴始于安第斯山脉和科尔多瓦山脉 (SDC) 的山麓，并产生极高的闪电量。 、大冰雹、龙卷风和强降雨的目的是加深对这一尚未研究地区的闪电特征和原因的了解，以及这些地区之间的电气化差异。为了实现这些目标，科罗拉多大学 (CU) 和亨茨维尔阿拉巴马大学 (UAH) 的研究人员将研究控制风暴带电的大气条件和物理过程。并导致极端的闪电频率和其他高影响天气，这些严重风暴的测量将在计划的 REELAMPAGO（电气化、闪电和中尺度/微尺度过程的遥感）期间进行。适应性地面观测）实地活动能够实现这些目标，因为此类风暴对人类、财产、农业和基础设施造成危害，从而更好地了解所研究的风暴的条件和过程。此外，该项目还将支持研究生和博士后研究员的教育培训，他们将通过独立研究和参与 RELAMPAGO 实地活动来参与科学研究，并有机会与美国和美国合作。来自国际研究人员气象学和电气化之间的一些基本关系尚未完全了解，包括缺乏对微物理和运动学过程如何控制深对流风暴内电荷区域发展的了解。美国最近的研究表明，微物理、因此，需要在世界不同地区（例如阿根廷）进行更多研究，以了解风暴过程、电气化和闪电特征之间的物理联系，CU 和 UAH 的研究人员团队将调查环境条件和闪电特性。控制风暴带电并导致阿根廷中西部严重风暴极端闪电率的物理过程该研究的目标是加深对产生极端闪电率的风暴以及导致对流风暴类型和环境之间带电差异的了解。这包括确定各种风暴环境、运动学和微物理过程在控制电荷、电荷区域发展以及由此产生的闪光速率和其他属性（例如类型、大小、极性、电流、电荷中和）中发挥的作用。为了实现这一目标，能源部 (DOE) 为期 9 个月的 CACTI（云、气溶胶和复杂地形相互作用）现场活动以及计划中的 NSF/NASA/NOAA RELAMPAGO 期间将进行环境、运动学和微物理测量。 （利用自适应地面观测对电气化、闪电和中尺度/微观过程进行遥感）现场活动，作为 RELAMPAGO、CU 和的一部分。 UAH 将在密集观测期（2018 年 11 月 1 日至 12 月 15 日）期间部署仪器来测量闪电特征、电场和推断的强风暴电荷结构。CU/UAH 团队将使用部署的雷达和大气探测的测量结果。在 RELAMPAGO 期间获得热力学、运动学和微物理测量结果，这些测量结果将与 CU/UAH 以及 NASA 的闪电测量结果一起使用，以分析有利于极端闪电产生的环境条件。它们还将用于研究导致电荷区域创建和极端闪电频率的物理云过程。

项目成果

Multiple Strokes Along the Same Channel to Ground in Positive Lightning Produced by a Supercell

• DOI: 10.1029/2021gl096714
• 发表时间: 2021-12
• 期刊: Geophysical Research Letters
• 影响因子: 5.2
• 作者: Yanan Zhu;P. Bitzer;V. Rakov;M. Stock;J. Lapierre;E. DiGangi;Z. Ding;Bruno L. Medina;L. Carey

The Relation of Environmental Conditions With Charge Structure in Central Argentina Thunderstorms

• DOI: 10.1029/2021ea002193
• 发表时间: 2022-04
• 期刊: Earth and Space Science
• 影响因子: 3.1
• 作者: Bruno L. Medina;L. Carey;P. Bitzer;T. Lang;W. Deierling

Huntsville Alabama Marx Meter Array 2: Upgrade and Capability

• DOI: 10.1029/2020ea001111
• 发表时间: 2020-04
• 期刊: Earth and Space Science
• 影响因子: 3.1
• 作者: Yanan Zhu;P. Bitzer;M. Stewart;S. Podgorny;D. Corredor;Jeff Burchfield;L. Carey;Bruno L. Medina;M. Stock

A storm safari in Subtropical South America: proyecto RELAMPAGO

南美洲亚热带风暴探险：proyecto RELAMPAGO

• DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-20-0029.1
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
• 影响因子: 8
• 作者: Nesbitt, Stephen W.;Salio, Paola V.;Ávila, Eldo;Bitzer, Phillip;Carey, Lawrence;Chandrasekar, V.;Deierling, Wiebke;Dominguez, Francina;Dillon, Maria Eugenia;Garcia, C. Marcelo
• 通讯作者: Garcia, C. Marcelo

The RELAMPAGO Lightning Mapping Array: Overview and Initial Comparison with the Geostationary Lightning Mapper

RELAMPAGO 闪电测绘阵列：概述以及与对地静止闪电测绘器的初步比较

• DOI: 10.1175/jtech-d-20-0005.1
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology
• 影响因子: 2.2
• 作者: Lang, Timothy J.;Ávila, Eldo E.;Blakeslee, Richard J.;Burchfield, Jeff;Wingo, Matthew;Bitzer, Phillip M.;Carey, Lawrence D.;Deierling, Wiebke;Goodman, Steven J.;Medina, Bruno Lisboa
• 通讯作者: Medina, Bruno Lisboa