Collaborative Research: MSB-FRA: Alternative Ecological Futures for the American Residential Macrosystem

合作研究：MSB-FRA：美国住宅宏观系统的替代生态未来

• 批准号: 1638560
• 负责人: Christopher Neill
• 金额: $ 36.05万
• 依托单位: Woodwell Climate Research Center, Inc.
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2017-01-01 至 2021-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1638560&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; MSB; FRA; Alternative

An apparent, but untested result of changes to the urban landscape is the homogenization of cities, such that neighborhoods in very different parts of the country increasingly exhibit similar patterns in their road systems, residential lots, commercial sites, and aquatic areas; cities have now become more similar to each other than to the native ecosystems that they replaced. This research builds on the team?s prior NSF funded research on the ?ecological homogenization? of the ?American Residential Macrosystem (ARM)? and specifically investigates factors that contribute to stability and/or changes in the ARM. The aim is to determine how factors that effect change?such as shifts in human demographics, desires for biodiversity and water conservation, regulations that govern water use and quality, and dispersal of organisms?will interact with factors that contribute to stability such as social norms, property values, neighborhood and city covenants and laws, and commercial interests. The project will determine ecological implications of alternative futures of the ARM for the assembly of ecological communities, ecosystem function, and responses to environmental change and disturbance at parcel (ecosystem), landscape (city), regional (Metropolitan Statistical Area) and continental scales. Five types of residential parcels as well as embedded semi-natural interstitial ecosystems will be studied, across six U.S. cities (Boston, Baltimore, Miami, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Phoenix, and Los Angeles). Education and outreach work will focus on K-12 teachers and students and on collaborative policy efforts with city, county, and state environmental managers.This project investigates urbanization?s impact on the ecological homogenization of the American Residential Macrosystem (ARM) in terms of plant biodiversity, soil carbon and nitrogen cycle pools and processes, microclimate, hydrography, and land cover. This similarity of ecological characteristics is driven by complex and dynamic human actions at multiple scales?e.g., parcel, neighborhood, and region?that will shape the structure and function of the ARM over 50 to 100 year time frames, with potentially significant continental scale effects on ecological processes and environmental quality. This research addresses two core questions. First, what factors contribute to maintenance and change in the ARM? While this macrosystem is a relatively homogeneous mixture of grass lawns, shrubs, trees and impervious surfaces, there is a critical need to determine how drivers of change such as shifts in human population and ethnicity, increasing desires for biodiversity and water conservation, and regulations governing water use and quality will interact with stabilizing factors such as social norms, property values, neighborhood and city covenants and laws, and commercial interests. Researchers will test the hypothesis that that although dispersal from natural and interstitial areas, climate change, and changes in homeowner knowledge will promote ecological change; institutions, norms and values will function as counteracting, stabilizing forces on these ecological dynamics. This hypothesis will be tested by evaluating the factors that motivate change and stability at multiple scales. Results will be used to produce quantitative, data-based scenarios of future land-use patterns in the ARM. Second, what are the ecological implications of alternative futures of this macrosystem for community assembly and ecosystem function at parcel (ecosystem), landscape (city), regional (Metropolitan Statistical Area), and continental scales? The hypothesis to be tested is that management that promotes nutrient- and water-use efficient and wildlife-supporting plants as well as lower inputs of water and nutrients will give rise to greater regional biodiversity across trophic levels, higher nutrient retention, lower water use, and reduced runoff and losses of soil carbon and nitrogen from residential yards at the regional scale. Five types of residential parcels that vary in management goals and intensity and embedded semi-natural interstitial ecosystems will be studied in six U.S. cities across the U.S. (Boston, Baltimore, Miami, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Phoenix, and Los Angeles), to quantify influences on ecological dynamics. This information will be linked to land use scenarios to address the regional and continental-scale impacts of these effects. Three postdocs will be mentored as co-investigators on this project. The research program will also include interaction with municipal decision makers focused on sustainability and add a new ?Panel of Experts? feature to the YardMap citizen science program developed at Cornell University.

城市景观发生变化的明显但未经测试的结果是城市的同质化，因此该国非常不同地区的社区越来越多地在其道路系统，住宅地块，商业地点和水上地区表现出相似的模式。现在，城市变得比彼此更相似，而与他们更换的本地生态系统相比。这项研究基于团队的先前NSF资助了有关生态均质化的研究？美国的住宅宏（ARM）？并特别研究了有助于稳定性和/或手臂变化的因素。目的是确定影响的因素如何变化？例如人口统计学的转变，对生物多样性和节水的渴望，控制用水和质量的法规以及生物体的散布？是否会与有助于稳定的因素相互作用，例如社会规范，财产价值，邻里，邻里和城市库园和法律和法律以及商业利益。该项目将确定ARM的替代期货对生态社区的组装，生态系统功能以及对环境变化和干扰的反应（生态系统），景观（城市），区域（大都市统计区）和大陆量表的生态影响。将研究五种类型的住宅包裹以及嵌入的半天然间质性生态系统，这些生态系统将在美国六个城市（波士顿，巴尔的摩，迈阿密，明尼阿波利斯 - 史密斯 - 保罗，凤凰城和洛杉矶）进行研究。教育和宣传工作将重点关注K-12教师和学生，以及与城市，县和州环境经理的合作政策努力。该项目研究城市化对美国居民宏观系统（ARM）的生态均化的影响，就植物生物多样性，土壤碳和硝基化的循环池和氮气循环池和流程和小型，水水平，水力学，水力学，水力学，和陆地覆盖。生态特征的这种相似性是由多个尺度上复杂而动态的人类行为驱动的？这项研究解决了两个核心问题。首先，哪些因素有助于维护和改变手臂？虽然该宏观系统是草坪，灌木，树木和不透水表面的相对均匀的混合物，但有一个迫切需要确定变化的驱动因素，例如人口和种族的转变，增加对生物多样性和保存的欲望，对供水和质量的质量和质量的范围和社区的范围和社区的价值观和诸如社区的范围和社区的范围和诸如社区和社区的范围和社区相互作用，以及诸如社区和社区，诸如社区和社区。研究人员将检验以下假设：尽管自然和间质区域分散，但气候变化以及房主知识的变化将促进生态变化；机构，规范和价值将充当抵消，稳定力量对这些生态动力学的稳定力。该假设将通过评估在多个尺度上激发变化和稳定性的因素来检验。结果将用于产生手臂未来土地利用模式的基于数据的，基于数据的方案。第二，该宏观系统的替代期货对包裹（生态系统），景观（城市），地区（大都市统计区）和大陆尺度的社区组装和生态系统功能的生态含义是什么？ 要检验的假设是，促进营养和水利用的有效和野生动植物支持的植物以及较低的水和养分投入的管理将导致跨营养水平的较高的区域生物多样性，较高的养分保留，较低的水利用，较低的水利用，减少了从居民隔离的土壤和氮的径流和氮的径流和氮的差异。在美国六个美国（波士顿，巴尔的摩，迈阿密，明尼阿波利斯 - 圣保罗，菲尼克斯和洛杉矶）的五种类型的住宅包裹在管理目标和强度以及嵌入式半天然的间质生态系统中有所不同，以量化对生态动力学的影响。这些信息将与土地使用方案有关，以解决这些影响的区域和大陆规模的影响。该项目的三个博士后将被指导为共同投资者。该研究计划还将包括与关注可持续性的市政决策者的互动，并添加一个新的专家小组？康奈尔大学开发的Yardmap公民科学计划的功能。

项目成果

Homogenization of plant diversity, composition, and structure in North American urban yards

北美城市庭院植物多样性、组成和结构的同质化

• DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2105
• 发表时间: 2018
• 期刊: Ecosphere
• 影响因子: 2.7
• 作者: Pearse, William D.;Cavender-Bares, Jeannine;Hobbie, Sarah E.;Avolio, Meghan L.;Bettez, Neil;Roy Chowdhury, Rinku;Darling, Lindsay E.;Groffman, Peter M.;Grove, J. Morgan;Hall, Sharon J.
• 通讯作者: Hall, Sharon J.

Sediment chemistry of urban stormwater ponds and controls on denitrification

• DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2318
• 发表时间: 2018-06-01
• 期刊: ECOSPHERE
• 影响因子: 2.7
• 作者: Blaszczak, Joanna R.;Steele, Meredith K.;Bernhardt, Emily S.
• 通讯作者: Bernhardt, Emily S.

Climate and lawn management interact to control C 4 plant distribution in residential lawns across seven U.S. cities

气候和草坪管理相互作用，控制美国七个城市住宅草坪中 C 4 植物的分布

• DOI: 10.1002/eap.1884
• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: Ecological Applications
• 影响因子: 5
• 作者: Trammell, Tara L.;Pataki, Diane E.;Still, Christopher J.;Ehleringer, James R.;Avolio, Meghan L.;Bettez, Neil;Cavender‐Bares, Jeannine;Groffman, Peter M.;Grove, Morgan;Hall, Sharon J.
• 通讯作者: Hall, Sharon J.

Residential yard management and landscape cover affect urban bird community diversity across the continental USA

住宅庭院管理和景观覆盖影响美国大陆城市鸟类群落多样性

• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Ecological applications
• 影响因子: 5
• 作者: Lerman, Susannah B.;Narango, Desiree. L.;Avolio, Meghan L.;Bratt, Anika R.;Engebretson, Jesse M.;Groffman, Peter M.;Hall, Sharon J.;Hefferenan, James B.;Hobbie, Sarah E.;Larson, Kelli L.
• 通讯作者: Larson, Kelli L.

A multi-city comparison of front and backyard differences in plant species diversity and nitrogen cycling in residential landscapes

住宅景观中植物物种多样性和氮循环前后院差异的多城市比较

• DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.05.030
• 发表时间: 2018
• 期刊: Landscape and Urban Planning
• 影响因子: 9.1
• 作者: Locke, Dexter H.;Avolio, Meghan;Trammell, Tara L.E.;Roy Chowdhury, Rinku;Morgan Grove, J.;Rogan, John;Martin, Deborah G.;Bettez, Neil;Cavender-Bares, Jeannine;Groffman, Peter M.
• 通讯作者: Groffman, Peter M.