Risk-sensitive Decision Making: Subsistence Diversification in Response to Novel Environments

风险敏感决策：应对新环境的生存多样化

• 批准号: 1632338
• 负责人: Karen Kramer
• 金额: $ 21.46万
• 依托单位: University of Utah
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2016-09-01 至 2020-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1632338&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Risk; sensitive; Decision; Making; Subsistence

This project conducts a natural experiment to ask how inequality arises out of an unstratified economy, and which traits preadapt certain individuals and groups to differentially succeed under economic diversification. Rapid social and economic change offer many new opportunities that are of possible benefit to individuals. However, adopting new modes of social organization and ways of making a living are also risky because traditional knowledge may be inadequate when evaluating the costs and benefits of pursuing unfamiliar behaviors. This situation is widespread in many societies encountering new markets. This process, which is currently poorly understood, is of particular importance because social and wealth inequality emerge as a result of market access. Thus, here we seek to learn, when novel opportunities are introduced, why are some individuals and families better able to take advantage of the situation, while others try and fail or continue to rely on traditional and conservative lifeways? The negative impact of income inequality is of growing concern both in both the popular press and academic literature because of its associations with quality of life indicators, including patterns of health, education and aging. To answer the question of how inequality emerges within a group of people, and to address broader concerns regarding its negative impacts, University of Utah researchers Drs. Karen L. Kramer and Ryan Schacht will work with a group of rural Maya. This study population provides an ideal opportunity to explore the emergence and consequences of inequality for two key reasons: 1) the Maya have only recently had regular access to wage labor and economic markets and are just beginning to show signs of inequality in wealth, health, and education; 2) working with the Maya helps the researchers to account for many of the confounding factors that confuse a clear interpretation of associations between inequality and negative outcomes in the West. The researchers will test the hypothesis that risk orientation is a key determinant for the emergence of inequality. The central prediction is that preexisting variation in kin and non-kin network size affects risk orientation and subsequently facilitates the differential accumulation of wealth (land, consumer goods, cash, education, health) by some more than others. The project integrates a network and risk sensitivity approach to study decision-making under diversifying socioeconomic conditions. Their research findings will offer insight not only to the consequences looming for many small-scale societies currently undergoing economic and wealth transitions, but also to industrialized populations experiencing ever increasing levels of wealth inequality.

该项目进行了一个自然的实验，询问不平等的经济是如何产生的，并且在经济多样化的情况下将某些个人和群体的特征推向了某些个人和群体的差异化。快速的社会和经济变革为个人提供了许多可能有益的新机会。但是，采用新的社会组织方式和谋生方式也有风险，因为在评估追求陌生行为的成本和收益时，传统知识可能不足。在许多遇到新市场的社会中，这种情况很普遍。目前尚未理解的这一过程尤其重要，因为由于市场进入，社会和财富不平等出现。因此，在这里，我们试图学习，当引入新的机会时，为什么有些个人和家庭能够更好地利用这种情况，而另一些人则尝试失败或继续依靠传统和保守的生活方式？ 收入不平等的负面影响在流行媒体和学术文献中都越来越关注，因为它与生活质量指标的关联，包括健康，教育和衰老的模式。为了回答一个人中不平等的问题，并解决了对其负面影响的更广泛的担忧，犹他大学研究人员博士。 Karen L. Kramer和Ryan Schacht将与一群农村玛雅人合作。这项研究人群为探索不平等的出现和后果提供了一个理想的机会，原因有两个：1）玛雅人最近才定期获得工资劳动和经济市场，并才开始显示财富，健康和教育中不平等的迹象； 2）与玛雅人合作有助于研究人员解释许多混淆因素，这些因素将明确的解释对西方的不平等和负面结果之间的关联进行了清晰的解释。研究人员将检验以下假设：风险取向是不平等现象的关键决定因素。核心预测是，亲属和非kin网络规模的较差异会影响风险取向，并随后促进了财富的差异（土地，消费品，现金，教育，教育，健康）的不同积累。该项目将网络和风险敏感性方法整合在一起，以在多元化的社会经济条件下研究决策。他们的研究发现将不仅可以洞悉许多目前正在经济和财富过渡的小型社会的后果，而且还可以对经历越来越多的财富不平等水平的工业化人群进行洞察力。

项目成果

Scaling climate change to human behavior predicting good and bad years for Maya farmers

将气候变化与人类行为联系起来，预测玛雅农民的好年景和坏年景

• DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23524
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: American Journal of Human Biology
• 影响因子: 2.9
• 作者: Kramer, Karen L.;Hackman, Joseph
• 通讯作者: Hackman, Joseph

Infant allocare in traditional societies

• DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.054
• 发表时间: 2018-09-01
• 期刊: PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR
• 影响因子: 2.9
• 作者: Kramer, Karen L.;Veile, Amanda
• 通讯作者: Veile, Amanda

Differences between sons and daughters in the intergenerational transmission of wealth

儿子和女儿财富代际传承的差异

• DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0076
• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London
• 作者: Borgerhoff Mulder, M

Cesarean birth and the growth of Yucatec Maya and Toba/Qom children

• DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23228
• 发表时间: 2019-03
• 期刊: American Journal of Human Biology
• 影响因子: 2.9
• 作者: A. Veile;C. Valeggia;K. Kramer

How there got to be so many of us. The evolutionary story of population growth and a life history of cooperation

我们怎么会有这么多人。

• DOI: 10.1086/705943
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Journal of anthropological research
• 影响因子: 0.7
• 作者: Kramer, KL