A Full Lifecycle Approach to Understanding Adelie Penguin Response to Changing Pack Ice Conditions in the Ross Sea.

了解阿德利企鹅对罗斯海浮冰条件变化的反应的全生命周期方法。

• 批准号: 1543541
• 负责人: David Ainley
• 金额: $ 46.74万
• 依托单位: H.T. Harvey & Associates
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2016-06-01 至 2021-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1543541&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Full; Lifecycle; Approach; Understanding; Adelie

The Ross Sea region of the Southern Ocean is experiencing growing sea ice cover in both extent and duration. These trends contrast those of the well-studied, western Antarctic Peninsula area, where sea ice has been disappearing. Unlike the latter, little is known about how expanding sea ice coverage might affect the regional Antarctic marine ecosystem. This project aims to better understand some of the potential effects of the changing ice conditions on the marine ecosystem using the widely-recognized indicator species - the Adélie Penguin. A four-year effort will build on previous results spanning 19 seasons at Ross Island to explore how successes or failures in each part of the penguin's annual cycle are effected by ice conditions and how these carry over to the next annual recruitment cycle, especially with respect to the penguin's condition upon arrival in the spring. Education and public outreach activities will continually be promoted through the PenguinCam and PenguinScience websites (sites with greater than 1 million hits a month) and "NestCheck" (a site that is logged-on by 300 classrooms annually that allows students to follow penguin families in their breeding efforts). To encourage students in pursuing educational and career pathways in the Science Technology Engineering and Math fields, the project will also provide stories from the field in a Penguin Journal, develop classroom-ready activities aligned with New Generation Science Standards, increase the availability of instructional presentations as powerpoint files and short webisodes. The project will provide additional outreach activities through local, state and national speaking engagements about penguins, Antarctic science and climate change. The annual outreach efforts are aimed at reaching over 15,000 students through the website, 300 teachers through presentations and workshops, and 500 persons in the general public. The project also will train four interns (undergraduate and graduate level), two post-doctoral researchers, and a science writer/photographer. The project will accomplish three major goals, all of which relate to how Adélie Penguins adapt to, or cope with environmental change. Specifically the project seeks to determine 1) how changing winter sea ice conditions in the Ross Sea region affect penguin migration, behavior and survival and alter the carry-over effects (COEs) to subsequent reproduction; 2) the interplay between extrinsic and intrinsic factors influencing COEs over multiple years of an individual?s lifetime; and 3) how local environmental change may affect population change via impacts to nesting habitat, interacting with individual quality and COEs. Retrospective analyses will be conducted using 19 years of colony based data and collect additional information on individually marked, known-age and known-history penguins, from new recruits to possibly senescent individuals. Four years of new information will be gained from efforts based at two colonies (Cape Royds and Crozier), using radio frequency identification tags to automatically collect data on breeding and foraging effort of marked, known-history birds to explore penguin response to resource availability within the colony as well as between colonies (mates, nesting material, habitat availability). Additional geolocation/time-depth recorders will be used to investigate travels and foraging during winter of these birds. The combined efforts will allow an assessment of the effects of penguin behavior/success in one season on its behavior in the next (e.g. how does winter behavior affect arrival time and body condition on subsequent breeding). It is at the individual level that penguins are responding successfully, or not, to ongoing marine habitat change in the Ross Sea region.

南大洋的罗斯海地区在范围和持续时间内都经历了海冰覆盖率的增长。这些趋势对比了那些研究良好的西方半岛地区的趋势，海冰消失了。与后者不同，关于扩大海冰覆盖范围如何影响南极海洋生态系统的知识知之甚少。该项目旨在通过广泛认可的指标物种 - 阿德利企鹅（AdéliePenguin）更好地了解不断变化的冰条件对海洋生态系统的潜在影响。四年的努力将以先前在罗斯岛（Ross Island）的19个赛季的成绩进行，以探讨企鹅年度周期的成功或失败是如何有效的，冰条件是如何有效的，而这些季节是如何实现下一个年度招募周期的，尤其是在春季抵达企鹅的状况方面。教育和公共外展活动将通过企鹅和企鹅科学网站（每月命中率超过100万次）和“ Nestcheck”（每年由300个教室记录的网站，允许学生在繁殖工作中遵循企鹅家庭遵循企鹅家庭）的教育和公共外展活动。为了鼓励学生在科学技术工程和数学领域中追求教育和职业途径，该项目还将在企鹅杂志中提供该领域的故事，开发与新一代科学标准一致的教室就绪的活动，增加教学演示文稿作为PowerPoint Files和Short Webisisodes的可用性。该项目将通过有关企鹅，南极科学和气候变化的地方，州和全国性演讲提供其他外展活动。年度外展工作旨在通过该网站通过演讲和讲习班来吸引15,000多名学生，300名教师以及公众500人。该项目还将培训四个实习生（本科和研究生级），两名博士后研究人员和一名科学作家/摄影师。该项目将实现三个主要目标，所有这些目标都与阿德利企鹅的适应或应对环境变化有关。具体而言，该项目试图确定1）Ross Sea地区的冬季海冰状况如何影响企鹅迁移，行为和生存，并将其背负影响（COE）改变为随后的繁殖； 2）在一个人的寿命多年来影响CO的外在因素和内在因素之间的相互作用； 3）当地环境变化如何通过影响筑巢栖息地的影响，与个人质量和COE相互作用，如何影响人口变化。回顾性分析将使用19年的基于菌落的数据进行，并收集有关从新兵到可能的敏感性人的单独标记，已知年龄和已知历史企鹅的其他信息。使用射频识别标签，将从两个殖民地（Cape Royds和Crozier）的努力中获得四年的新信息，并使用射频识别标签自动收集有关标记的已知历史鸟类的繁殖和觅食工作的数据，以探索企鹅对菌落中资源可用性的反应，以及殖民地之间的殖民地以及殖民地之间（群体，嵌套，嵌套材料，嵌套材料，可供使用）。其他地理位置/深度记录将用于调查这些鸟类冬季的旅行和觅食。合并的努力将允许评估一个季节中企鹅行为/成功对下一个行为的影响（例如，冬季行为如何影响到达的时间和身体状况对随后的繁殖）。正是在个人层面上，企鹅正在成功地反应罗斯海地区正在进行的海洋栖息地变化。