RAPID: Response of Lake Superior to anomalously high ice cover during the winter of 2013-2014

RAPID：苏必利尔湖对 2013-2014 年冬季异常高冰盖的响应

• 批准号: 1445567
• 负责人: Jay Austin
• 金额: $ 4.09万
• 依托单位: University of Minnesota Duluth
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2014-06-15 至 2015-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1445567&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: RAPID; Response; Lake; Superior; anomalously

The winter of 2013-2014 was a remarkably harsh, cold winter throughout much of the upper midwest, resulting in record low average temperatures and high snowfall amounts. One of the interesting and potentially important consequences of this anomalously cold winter is the high amounts of ice formed on the US/Canadian Laurentian Great Lakes. While all of the lakes experienced anomalously high levels of ice, Lake Superior was a true standout. In most years, Lake Superior does not freeze over completely. In very cold years, Lake Superior might be frozen over completely for a few days in the late winter, but this past year Lake Superior spent nearly all of February and March completely frozen over. In early May, the lake was still over 50% ice-covered. This situation presents a unique opportunity to better understand the implications of the anomalous ice conditions for the lake for subsequent summer and fall. Given the long term trend towards lower ice cover on Lake Superior (and rivers and lakes around the world), an opportunity to study such extreme conditions and their consequences may not occur again in the foreseeable future.Intellectual Merit: A growing body of research acknowledges the strong connection in deep, temperate lakes between winter ice cover and lake thermal conditions for most of the rest of the year. A short extension of an on-going deployment of three open-lake moorings in Lake Superior through the summer of 2014 following several years when ice coverage levels have been relatively low represents an opportunity to significantly extend the dynamic range of our understanding of the role that ice plays.Broader Impacts: As part of the observational work, the principal investigator will make the additional ship time associated with this project available to the wider scientific community and share the collected data in order to have a wider, interdisciplinary perspective on the impacts of the record-breaking ice levels. Several community-building exercises will be developed to use the high-ice year as a gauge of the current level of understanding and two graduate students would receive training in taking and interpreting field observations.

2013年至2014年的冬季，中西部北部大部分地区的冬季异常严酷寒冷，导致平均气温创历史新低，降雪量高。这个异常寒冷的冬季带来的有趣且可能重要的后果之一是美国/加拿大劳伦森五大湖上形成了大量的冰。虽然所有湖泊都经历了异常高水平的冰，但苏必利尔湖是真正的佼佼者。大多数年份，苏必利尔湖不会完全结冰。在非常寒冷的年份，苏必利尔湖可能会在冬末几天完全结冰，但去年苏必利尔湖几乎整个二月和三月都完全结冰。 5月初，湖水仍有50%以上被冰覆盖。这种情况提供了一个独特的机会，可以更好地了解异常冰况对随后夏季和秋季湖泊的影响。鉴于苏必利尔湖（以及世界各地的河流和湖泊）冰盖减少的长期趋势，在可预见的未来可能不会再有机会研究这种极端条件及其后果。智力价值：越来越多的研究承认温带深湖的冬季冰盖与一年中其余大部分时间的湖泊热状况之间存在着密切的联系。在冰覆盖水平相对较低的几年之后，苏必利尔湖正在部署的三个开放湖系泊装置的部署短暂延长至 2014 年夏季，这代表着一个机会，可以显着扩展我们对冰盖作用的动态范围的理解。更广泛的影响：作为观测工作的一部分，首席研究员将向更广泛的科学界提供与该项目相关的额外航行时间，并共享收集到的数据，以便对冰的影响有更广泛的跨学科视角。破纪录的冰层。将开发一些社区建设练习，以利用高冰年作为当前理解水平的衡量标准，两名研究生将接受进行和解释现场观察的培训。