Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Local Mining in the Atacama Desert, Chile

博士论文改进补助金：智利阿塔卡马沙漠的当地采矿

• 批准号: 1359661
• 负责人: Marc Bermann
• 金额: $ 0.46万
• 依托单位: University of Pittsburgh
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2014-01-15 至 2014-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1359661&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant; Local

Prehistoric empires in common with multiple countries in the world today face the problem of how to integrate "outlying" communities often of varying ethnicity into a functioning effective social system. From the reverse perspective "outlying" communities can function most successfully if they can determine how best to take advantage of their incorporation into a broader social system. Archaeological research has the potential to examine such interactions over extended periods of time and such is the goal of this research project. Under the guidance of Dr. Marc Bermann, Francisco Garrido will explore two factors underlying the success of the ancient Inca empire: its imperial infrastructure (the famous road system), and its impact at household and local levels in subject territories. Taking a "bottom up" perspective on the effects of Inca conquest on mining in the Atacama desert of Chile, the research will investigate localized responses to articulation with the imperial system. This research will address this topic through investigation of the relationship between the Inca Road, and a recently discovered, non-Inca, mining camp, isolated in the Atacama Desert. Preliminary research suggests that this camp could not have existed without use of the nearby Inca road, leading to two, inter-related, research objectives: (1) evaluating the extent to which the Inca Road functioned as an unrecognized growth factor, stimulating local craft industry; and (2) assessing whether the Inca Road served as a linear entrepot or exchange nexus, rather than simply as a highway servicing Inca imperial needs. A one-year project of survey, surface collection, and excavation will document: the nature of mining at Chinchilla and the use of a nearby section of the Inca Road. In the past, just as today, a major road can serve as an powerful economic stimulus or magnet, making possible economic enterprises along it that were not feasible previously. By connecting local Atacama populations to a much wider socioeconomic world, the research will be addressing issues of "globalization," albeit, using this prehistoric case study. One area of investigation is to document how people chose to use a new and foreign infrastructure (even one that represented imperial hegemony) to their own ends. Part-time, supplemental, or seasonal mining as a small scale kin-based activity with low capital investment is still common in many parts of the world today, including South America, and its organization and goals can be very similar to prehispanic examples. A better understanding of the history and dynamics of small scale mining in the Atacama remains relevant today, where there is still a juxtaposition of large, profit-driven, multinational mining operations and community based, risk minimizing, community-level mining. The theoretical issues addressed in this research thus parallel contemporary issues discussed in Chile today about mining and household and community autonomy, resource access and utilization, and economic coping strategies. The broader impacts of this research include documenting understudied components of the archaeological heritage in the Atacama Desert - increasingly a tourist destination. Chilean students from several universities will participate in the fieldwork, and receive training in current survey and excavation techniques. Collections will be stored at the Regional Museum of Atacama, and available, with complete documentation, to other students and scholars. An important component of the research will be working with existing museum collections and with unpublished reports, bringing data from these hidden sources to public light. The project will result in Mr. Garrido's dissertation, and the findings will be disseminated through the Center for Comparative Archaeology electronic data base, conference presentations and peer-reviewed publications.

当今世界多个国家的史前帝国都面临着如何将不同种族的“边远”社区整合到一个有效运作的社会体系中的问题。从相反的角度来看，如果“边远”社区能够确定如何最好地利用其融入更广泛的社会体系的优势，那么它们就能最成功地运作。考古研究有可能在较长时间内研究这种相互作用，这就是该研究项目的目标。在马克·伯曼博士的指导下，弗朗西斯科·加里多将探讨古代印加帝国成功的两个因素：其帝国基础设施（著名的道路系统）及其对附属领土家庭和地方层面的影响。 该研究将从“自下而上”的角度审视印加征服对智利阿塔卡马沙漠采矿业的影响，调查当地对与帝国体系衔接的反应。本研究将通过调查印加之路与最近发现的位于阿塔卡马沙漠中的非印加采矿营地之间的关系来解决这一主题。初步研究表明，如果不使用附近的印加公路，这个营地就不可能存在，从而产生两个相互关联的研究目标：（1）评估印加公路在多大程度上发挥了未被识别的增长因素的作用，刺激了当地的手工艺行业; (2) 评估印加公路是否充当线性转口港或交换枢纽，而不仅仅是满足印加帝国需求的高速公路。一项为期一年的调查、地表收集和挖掘项目将记录：钦奇拉采矿的性质以及印加路附近路段的使用情况。在过去，就像今天一样，一条主要道路可以作为强大的经济刺激或磁石，使以前不可能的经济企业成为可能。 通过将当地阿塔卡马人口与更广泛的社会经济世界联系起来，该研究将利用这个史前案例研究来解决“全球化”问题。 调查的一个领域是记录人们如何选择使用新的外国基础设施（甚至是代表帝国霸权的基础设施）来达到自己的目的。 兼职、补充或季节性采矿作为一种资本投资较低的小规模亲属活动，在当今世界许多地区（包括南美）仍然很常见，其组织和目标可能与前西班牙时期的例子非常相似。 更好地了解阿塔卡马小规模采矿的历史和动态在今天仍然具有现实意义，那里仍然存在大型的、以利润为导向的跨国采矿作业和基于社区的、风险最小化的社区级采矿。 因此，本研究解决的理论问题与当今智利讨论的有关采矿、家庭和社区自治、资源获取和利用以及经济应对策略的当代问题相似。 这项研究的更广泛影响包括记录阿塔卡马沙漠考古遗产中未被充分研究的部分——阿塔卡马沙漠日益成为一个旅游目的地。 来自多所大学的智利学生将参加实地考察，并接受当前调查和挖掘技术的培训。 藏品将存放在阿塔卡马地区博物馆，并提供完整的文档供其他学生和学者使用。 该研究的一个重要组成部分将是与现有的博物馆藏品和未发表的报告合作，将这些隐藏来源的数据公之于众。 该项目将产生加里多先生的论文，研究结果将通过比较考古学中心电子数据库、会议报告和同行评审出版物传播。