Transformation of American Southern Commemorative Landscapes

美国南方纪念景观的改造

• 批准号: 1359780
• 负责人: David Butler
• 金额: $ 44.54万
• 依托单位: University of Southern Mississippi
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2014-07-01 至 2017-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1359780&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Transformation; American; Southern; Commemorative; Landscapes

Commemorative landscapes both reflect cultural values and provide a context to sustain and challenge those values. Landscapes can be constructed and used to actively remember or forget certain identities, groups, and histories in order to maintain or sometimes challenge those histories. Southern plantation tourism plays an important role in developing basic understanding of race in the United States by establishing a sense of place and meaning through the exploration of commemorative landscapes. How southern commemorative landscapes provide symbolic and substantive representations of what it means to be southern and how southern culture is defined and debated form key questions in the scientific study of social memory and commemorative landscapes. The objective of this research is to contribute to theory centered on the transformation of racialized southern commemorative landscapes within the United States. Specifically, the researchers examine the processes and politics of incorporating slavery into plantation landscapes as sites symbolic of contemporary struggles over the meanings and uses of southern and American heritage. Incorporating critical discussions of slavery at such sites not only enhances historical accuracy, but is also necessary to understand contemporary race relations in the United States. This research describes and explains the manner and extent to which southern tourist plantations are moving toward an incorporation of the history of the enslaved into the commemorative landscape of the region and nation. These issues are of importance to contemporary American society as a whole, and of specific interest to those who own, manage, or visit these tourist sites. Traditionally, tourism plantations have given authority to the idea of white privilege and the erasure of the enslaved from southern plantation history, but these representations have begun to change. This framework drives the following research questions: (1) To what extent and how are owners/operators of plantations incorporating slavery into the built, narrative, and performative landscapes at plantations? (2) What were/are the impetuses for change, towards an inclusion of slavery into the built, narrative, and performative landscapes of plantations? (3) What are the tourists' expectations regarding slavery and reactions to the exclusion or inclusion of slavery as part of the built, narrative, and performative landscapes of plantations? (4) How is the incorporation of slavery into the built, narrative, and performative landscapes perceived changing over time at plantations? (5) How do docents embrace, resist and embody the inclusion of slavery into the built, narrative, and performative landscapes of plantations? (6) What are the tourists' pre- and post-conceptions of slavery as part of the built, narrative, and performative landscapes at plantations? The project breaks new ground in the literature by conducting fieldwork at multiple plantation sites and types, as well as examining multiple stakeholders (e.g., owners/operators, docents, and tourists). The study compares three prominent plantation regions through multiple study sites in each region. At each site, the researchers apply a mixed methods approach, including a quasi-experimental design, to interview plantation owner/operators, participant observers of plantation tours, interview docents, and surveys and interviews of tourists.

纪念景观都反映了文化价值，并提供了维持和挑战这些价值观的背景。可以构建景观，并用来积极记住或忘记某些身份，群体和历史，以维持或有时挑战这些历史。南部种植园的旅游业通过探索纪念景观来建立一种地位和意义，在对美国的种族中发展基本理解中发挥着重要作用。 南方的纪念景观如何在社会记忆和纪念景观的科学研究中为南方文化的定义和辩论形成了关键问题的象征性和实质性表示。 这项研究的目的是促进以美国在美国境内种族化的纪念景观转变为中心的理论。具体来说，研究人员研究了将奴隶制纳入种植园的过程和政治，作为象征当代斗争在南部和美国遗产的含义和用途的地点。 在此类网站上纳入奴隶制的批判性讨论不仅提高了历史准确性，而且还必须了解美国当代种族关系。这项研究描述并解释了南部旅游种植园的方式和程度，朝着将被奴役的历史纳入该地区和国家的纪念环境中。 这些问题对于整个美国社会而言至关重要，并且对拥有，管理或参观这些旅游景点的人特别感兴趣。 传统上，旅游种植园赋予了白人特权的观念和从南方种植园历史上奴役的遗忘者的概念，但是这些代表已经开始改变。该框架提出了以下研究问题：（1）将奴隶制纳入种植园的建筑，叙述和表演景观的种植园的所有者/运营商在多大程度上以及如何在多大程度上以及如何在多大程度上以及如何融入了种植园？ （2）变革的动力是什么，将奴隶制纳入种植园的建筑，叙事和表演性景观？ （3）作为建筑，叙事和表演性种植园的一部分，游客对奴隶制和对奴隶制的反应有何期望？ （4）如何将奴隶制纳入建筑，叙事和表演性的景观中，随着时间的流逝而变化？ （5）讲师如何拥抱，抵抗和体现奴隶制纳入种植园的建筑，叙事和表演性景观？ （6）作为种植园的建筑，叙事和表演性景观的一部分，游客对奴隶制的前后群体的概念是什么？该项目通过在多个种植园站点和类型进行实地调查，并检查多个利益相关者（例如所有者/运营商，文书和游客），从而打破了文献中的新基础。该研究通过每个区域的多个研究地点比较了三个著名的人工林区域。 在每个网站上，研究人员采用混合方法，包括准实验设计，对种植园所有者/经营者，种植园旅游的参与者观察员，采访示威者以及游客的调查和访谈。