FESD Type I: The Dynamics of Mountains, Landscapes and Climate in the Distribution and Generation of Biodiversity of the Amazon/Andean Forest

FESD I 型：亚马逊/安第斯森林生物多样性分布和生成中山脉、景观和气候的动态

• 批准号: 1338694
• 负责人: Paul Baker
• 金额: $ 443万
• 依托单位: Duke University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2013-09-01 至 2020-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1338694&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: FESD; Type; Dynamics; Mountains; Landscapes

The forests of tropical South America host some of the highest biodiversity on Earth. In this project, an interdisciplinary team of geologists, climatologists, and biologists will take advantage of recent advances in their respective disciplines to develop an integrated understanding of how climate and geology interact to shape the distribution and generation of biodiversity in these Amazon/Andean forests through time. The Amazon and Andes are a dynamically linked highly interactive system. On long timescales, uplift of the Andes affects Amazon climate and hydrology. Andean uplift also generates the sediment fill, nutrient supply, river routing, and soil composition of the adjacent lowland basin of the Amazon and hence affects the productivity of its forests. But the interactions are bi-directional, because changes in climate, hydrology, and sediment supply influence rates of uplift through isostatic (buoyancy) effects produced by weathering and erosion. Together the multiple system components interact in complex ways to effect the origin and demise of new species and thus determine biodiversity. Today, this biodiversity is threatened by global climate change and other human activities. For example, a major emerging threat is the planned construction of headwater dams that will sever the transfer of nutrients from the Andes to the Amazon and impact the productivity and diversity of its forests and waterways. Thus, more than ever, there is a need for better understanding of the factors that foster the evolution and maintenance of biodiversity. The project is an interdisciplinary effort that unites scientists from both North and South America. It will support the education, training, and mentoring of undergraduate students, graduate students, and postdoctoral scientists at this exciting new frontier through the integration of fieldwork, laboratory studies, and modeling.Before it is possible to quantify relationships between extrinsic forcings (e.g. climate, tectonics, hydrology) and the observed distribution of species through time, it is first necessary to generate accurately dated histories of the underlying geologic and climatic processes and to explore the governing rules for how environment influences diversity. The interdisciplinary team will undertake new detailed field and laboratory investigations of key aspects of the system components of the linked Andes-Amazon system, emphasizing: (1) determination of the history of Andean uplift, particularly in the oft-overlooked Western Cordillera; (2) a first attempt at reconstruction of a complete history of Cenozoic paleoclimate in the western Amazon lowlands; (3) isotope-enabled ocean-atmosphere climate modeling at key Cenozoic time slices; (4) molecular genetics of woody plant taxa carefully chosen to test several fundamental hypotheses about the role of uplift and climate in generation of diversity; (5) construction of an over-arching modeling framework (that incorporates new data on uplift, climate, and biota) linking paleo-topography, climate, hydrology, and nutrient cycling to plant traits, productivity, ecologic niche, and species distribution. The ultimate goal is to understand the role of environment and environmental history in genetic differentiation of populations and the origins of new species. By deciphering how environment affects biodiversity and, conversely, how genetic sequences of plant species encode the history of the physical environment, it is envisioned that molecular phylogenetics will inform geological history, much like paleontology informs stratigraphic and paleoenvironmental interpretation, and a new field of "geo-genomics" will emerge.

南美洲热带森林拥有地球上生物多样性最高的地区。在该项目中，由地质学家、气候学家和生物学家组成的跨学科团队将利用各自学科的最新进展，全面了解气候和地质如何相互作用，从而通过以下方式塑造这些亚马逊/安第斯森林中生物多样性的分布和生成：时间。亚马逊和安第斯山脉是一个动态链接的高度交互的系统。在很长一段时间内，安第斯山脉的抬升会影响亚马逊的气候和水文。安第斯山脉的隆起还产生沉积物填充、养分供应、河流路线和邻近的亚马逊低地盆地的土壤成分，从而影响其森林的生产力。但这种相互作用是双向的，因为气候、水文和沉积物供应的变化通过风化和侵蚀产生的均衡（浮力）效应影响抬升速率。多个系统组成部分以复杂的方式相互作用，影响新物种的起源和消亡，从而决定生物多样性。如今，这种生物多样性受到全球气候变化和其他人类活动的威胁。例如，一个主要的新兴威胁是计划建设的水源大坝，这将切断养分从安第斯山脉到亚马逊的转移，并影响其森林和水道的生产力和多样性。因此，现在比以往任何时候都更需要更好地了解促进生物多样性进化和维持的因素。该项目是一项跨学科的努力，联合了北美和南美的科学家。它将通过实地考察、实验室研究和建模的整合，支持本科生、研究生和博士后科学家在这一令人兴奋的新领域的教育、培训和指导。在量化外在强迫（例如气候）之间的关系成为可能之前， 、构造学、水文学）和观察到的物种随时间的分布，首先有必要生成准确的潜在地质和气候过程的历史记录，并探索环境如何影响的控制规则 多样性。这个跨学科团队将对相连的安第斯山脉-亚马逊系统的系统组成部分的关键方面进行新的详细现场和实验室调查，强调：（1）确定安第斯隆起的历史，特别是在经常被忽视的西科迪勒拉山脉； (2) 首次尝试重建亚马逊西部低地新生代古气候的完整历史； (3) 新生代关键时间切片的同位素海洋-大气气候模拟； (4) 精心选择的木本植物类群的分子遗传学，以测试有关抬升和气候在多样性产生中的作用的几个基本假设； (5) 构建一个总体模型框架（包含有关隆起、气候和生物群的新数据），将古地形、气候、水文和养分循环与植物性状、生产力、生态位和物种分布联系起来。最终目标是了解环境和环境历史在种群遗传分化和新物种起源中的作用。通过破译环境如何影响生物多样性，以及植物物种的基因序列如何编码物理环境的历史，可以预见，分子系统发育学将为地质历史提供信息，就像古生物学为地层学和古环境解释提供信息一样，并且是一个新领域“地理基因组学”将会出现。