Learning to speak in time: Perception and production processes involved in conversational turn-taking

学习及时说话：对话轮流中涉及的感知和产生过程

• 批准号: 1225760
• 负责人: Eve Clark
• 金额: $ 1.26万
• 依托单位: Stanford University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2012-09-01 至 2014-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1225760&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Learning; speak; time; Perception; production

Every conversation is made up of turns at speaking. Many people are surprised to learn that speakers take turns with very little time between speakers (gaps average ~200ms) with hardly any overlaps. This is true of conversation in languages around the world. Since there's no single clue to indicate when someone will finish speaking, listeners must track speech in real time and attend to a variety of cues to when a speaker will end. But what information do participants in a conversation rely on? This project investigates how children and adults take turns 'on time' by studying natural variation in how quickly speakers take their turns, and by measuring onlookers' eye movements as they watch videos of two people talking. This project will investigate how much participants' ability to anticipate the end of a turn relies on words vs. intonation and rhythm (prosody) in everyday speech. Words give information about content, and also about the structure of upcoming speech. Prosody is a continuous cue to how a phrase is structured, and also relates to the words in many cases. Because young children are good at differentiating between some prosodic patterns, but don't yet know much about words or syntax, we hypothesize that their use of cues will differ from adults'. This project will study turn-taking in natural conversations in order to identify the developmental path for this conversational skill. Conversation is the gateway for analyzing interaction with other social beings. For children, conversation is a way to learn about language and the world. Trivial skills for adults, such as knowing when to come in and how to ask relevant questions, take children years to develop. Understanding how children develop these skills should also shed light on how they gain access to the information all around them.

每次对话都会在说话时转弯。许多人惊讶地发现，扬声器在扬声器（平均差距约200ms）之间的时间很少而几乎没有任何重叠的情况下进行轮流。在世界各地的语言中对话是正确的。由于没有一个线索可以指出何时会说话，因此听众必须实时跟踪演讲，并注意演讲者何时结束的各种线索。但是，对话中的参与者依靠哪些信息？该项目调查了儿童和成年人如何通过研究扬声器的自然变化来“准时”，并通过观看两个人说话的视频来衡量围观者的眼睛运动。该项目将调查参与者预期转弯结束的能力，依赖于日常演讲中的单词与语调和节奏（韵律）。单词提供有关内容的信息以及即将到来的语音的结构。韵律是对短语的结构方式的连续提示，并且在许多情况下也与单词有关。由于幼儿擅长区分某些韵律模式，但对单词或语法还不了解，我们假设他们对提示的使用与成年人有所不同。 该项目将研究自然对话中的转折，以确定这种对话技能的发展路径。对话是分析与其他社会生物互动的门户。对于孩子来说，对话是一种了解语言和世界的方式。成人的琐碎技能，例如知道何时进来以及如何提出相关问题，需要花费几年的时间来发展。了解孩子如何发展这些技能也应该阐明他们如何访问周围的信息。