Collection of a High-Resolution Spatial and Ground-Based Dataset From the 2010 Explosive Events at Merapi Volcano, Java, Indonesia

收集 2010 年印度尼西亚爪哇默拉皮火山爆发事件的高分辨率空间和地面数据集

• 批准号: 1114852
• 负责人: Charles Connor
• 金额: $ 3.28万
• 依托单位: University of South Florida
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2011-03-01 至 2012-02-29
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1114852&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collection; Resolution; Spatial; Ground; Based

This project is supported by the Petrology and Geochemistry program (Division of Earth Sciences, Directorate of Geosciences) in cooperation with the Office of International Science and Engineering. Merapi Volcano, located in heavily populated Central Java, is one of Indonesia's most active and dangerous volcanoes. After four years of quiescence, an eruption began on 26 October 2010 that was characterized by explosions along with pyroclastic density current (PDCs) that traveled to the western and southern sectors of the volcano. Reports on 27 October noted that about 35 people died and several were injured. Explosive activity increased during the following days until 4 and 5 November 2010, when a series of large explosions sent various PDCs ~15 km away from the summit, killing more than 300 people. According to the Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation at the Merapi Volcano Observatory, this constitutes the largest eruption at this volcano since 1872, with a current Volcanic Explosivity Index estimated between 3 and 4. These hazardous explosive events present a rare opportunity to collect a uniquely detailed dataset of the source, extent, lateral variations and impact of PDC deposits on a densely populated area. The urgency of the application derives from the ephemeral nature of the pristine deposits associated with these events: these will soon be washed away by the current rainy season in Indonesia and it is rare to have the opportunity to collect key data from such hazardous volcanic flows. The main goals of this RAPID are to collect sufficient data, together with an international team, to: 1) document the sources, duration and runout distances of the different PDCs generated during the 2010 eruptive crisis of Merapi; 2) measure the variations in extent, distribution, morphology, lithology and thickness of the different 2010 PDC deposits using different ground-base techniques; 3) obtain and compute a compilation of spatial images taken prior, during and after the eruption. The effects of topography on flow dynamics will be examined in the field through a Real-Time GPS / Laser Rangefinder survey of the surface of the associated deposits immediately after flow emplacement (once these areas are deemed safe).Collection of such a dataset will be used to generate the pre- and post-eruption numerical topographies for testing the sensitivity to geophysical mass flow model (GMFM) outputs for various qualities of digital representations of natural terrain. A high-resolution benchmark DEM dataset will be computed based on the TanDEM misson-X (roughly 3 m spatial resolution, 1-2 m vertical accuracy). Application of TerraSAR data to generate accurate numerical topographies and/or capturing rapid topographic changes associated with the emplacement of PDC deposits over a short period has tremendous potential benefits to better understand the dynamics of such hazardous volcanic flows. Previous authors have shown the importance of the choice of the DEM on computational routines for reconstructing the different paths, velocities and extents of various flows, and for correctly estimating the areas and levels of hazards associated with future volcanic activity. Data obtained during this project will also be integrated into numerical simulations using freely available GMFMs and allow the validity of these models to be tested, with better quantification of best-fit input parameters. This approach will provide one basis for defining hazard zonations of key areas at risk from PDCs at Merapi, which can be directly integrated into the current hazard mitigation plans at this high-risk volcano. Consequently, the work proposed here will be of immediate benefit to all groups involved in assessing volcano hazards either directly (at observatories on some of the most active volcanoes around the world) or through remote sensing techniques. This project will provide direct support to Sylvain Carbonnier (a post-doctoral Fellow at USF through August 2012) and an exceptional research experience for Jose Armando Saballos (PhD student at USF working on debris flow hazards at Concepcion volcano, Nicaragua).

该项目得到了岩石学和地球化学项目（地球科学局地球科学部）与国际科学与工程办公室的合作支持。默拉皮火山位于人口稠密的中爪哇省，是印度尼西亚最活跃和最危险的火山之一。经过四年的平静后，2010 年 10 月 26 日开始喷发，其特点是爆炸以及火山碎屑密度流 (PDC) 传播到火山的西部和南部地区。 10 月 27 日的报道指出，约 35 人死亡，多人受伤。接下来的几天里，爆炸活动不断增加，直到 2010 年 11 月 4 日至 5 日，一系列大规模爆炸使多个 PDC 远离峰顶约 15 公里，造成 300 多人死亡。根据默拉皮火山观测站火山学和地质灾害减轻中心的数据，这是自 1872 年以来这座火山最大规模的喷发，目前的火山爆炸指数估计在 3 到 4 之间。这些危险的爆炸事件提供了一个难得的机会来收集关于 PDC 沉积物的来源、范围、横向变化以及对人口稠密地区的影响的独特详细数据集。该申请的紧迫性源于与这些事件相关的原始沉积物的短暂性：这些沉积物很快就会被印度尼西亚当前的雨季冲走，并且很少有机会从这种危险的火山流中收集关键数据。该 RAPID 的主要目标是与国际团队一起收集足够的数据，以： 1) 记录 2010 年默拉皮火山喷发危机期间产生的不同 PDC 的来源、持续时间和流出距离； 2) 使用不同的地面技术测量 2010 年不同 PDC 矿床的范围、分布、形态、岩性和厚度的变化； 3) 获取并计算在喷发之前、期间和之后拍摄的空间图像的汇编。地形对流动动力学的影响将在流动安置后立即通过实时 GPS/激光测距仪对相关沉积物表面进行测量（一旦这些区域被认为是安全的）进行现场检查。此类数据集的收集将用于用于生成喷发前和喷发后的数值地形，以测试对自然地形数字表示的各种质量的地球物理质量流模型 (GMFM) 输出的敏感性。高分辨率基准 DEM 数据集将基于 TanDEM misson-X（大约 3 m 空间分辨率，1-2 m 垂直精度）计算。应用 TerraSAR 数据生成准确的数值地形和/或捕获与 PDC 沉积物在短时间内就位相关的快速地形变化，对于更好地了解此类危险火山流的动态具有巨大的潜在好处。先前的作者已经证明了在计算例程中选择 DEM 的重要性，以重建各种流动的不同路径、速度和范围，以及正确估计与未来火山活动相关的危险区域和水平。该项目期间获得的数据还将使用免费提供的 GMFM 集成到数值模拟中，并允许测试这些模型的有效性，并更好地量化最佳拟合输入参数。这种方法将为定义默拉皮火山喷发中心面临风险的关键区域的危险区提供基础，并可直接纳入这座高风险火山当前的减灾计划。因此，这里提出的工作将对所有参与直接（在世界上一些最活跃火山的观测站）或通过遥感技术评估火山灾害的团体带来直接好处。该项目将为 Sylvain Carbonnier（南佛罗里达大学博士后研究员，截至 2012 年 8 月）提供直接支持，并为 Jose Armando Saballos（南佛罗里达大学博士生，研究尼加拉瓜康塞普西翁火山泥石流灾害）提供特殊的研究经验。