The Organization of Middle Sedentary Period Hohokam Ceramic Production in the Gila River Valley, Arizona

亚利桑那州希拉河谷中期定居时期 Hohokam 陶瓷生产的组织

• 批准号: 0943774
• 负责人: Sunday Eiselt
• 金额: $ 13.46万
• 依托单位: Southern Methodist University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2010-06-01 至 2015-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0943774&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Organization; Middle; Sedentary; Period; Hohokam

With National Science Foundation support, Dr. Sunday Eiselt and Dr. Andrew Darling will undertake a three year study of Hohokam ceramic production along the middle Gila River Valley just south of metropolitan Phoenix in central Arizona. Hundreds of years before the establishment of this city Native Americans had already mastered the art of water management, irrigating the desert with thousands of miles of hand-dug canals. These inhabitants are known by archaeologists as the Hohokam and their descendants are the O'odham (Pima) who occupy the region today. The Hohokam regional system reached its apogee during the middle Sedentary Period from A.D. 1000-1070 when it spanned some 80,000 sq. km of the Sonoran Desert. Pottery specialists along the middle Gila River supplied this large system with thousands of vessels in return for agricultural products from surrounding groups. Such large-scale craft production is typically associated with complex societies, with guilds and mass production techniques. Yet, the Hohokam were relatively egalitarian, with neither cities, nor an extensive division of labor, nor marked social stratification. How, then, in the absence of more complex social systems, was production among the Sedentary Period Hohokam organized to create greater economies of scale? The goal of the current study is to test two competing hypotheses related to this question. The first proposes that multiple communities acted independently to produce ceramics. More communities were brought into the system, but pottery manufacture was dispersed among multiple villages that traded their products directly to outside consumers. The second proposes that ceramic manufacturing was highly concentrated in one or a few villages that were supplied with raw materials by other villages. Both hypotheses may account for high levels of ceramic yield, but the latter implies a greater level of inter-village coordination to create greater economies of scale at the expense of emerging settlement hierarchies. The competing hypotheses will be tested through geochemical and petrographic examination of raw materials and ceramic artifacts in order to determine how the Hohokam achieved such great economic and production success. The intellectual merit of this research rests on the opportunity to explore the relationships of craft production and economic intensification in middle range societies like the Hohokam. The study will provide critical information on whether enhanced production efficiency precedes (rather than follows from) more complex political developments. Work will take place on the Gila River Indian Community Reservation under the oversight of their Cultural Resource Management Program. Collaboration between the Gila River Indian Community and Southern Methodist University broadens the participation of underrepresented groups in archaeology while enhancing the infrastructure for research and education.

在国家科学基金会的支持下，Sunday Eiselt 博士和 Andrew Darling 博士将对亚利桑那州中部凤凰城以南的希拉河谷中部的 Hohokam 陶瓷生产进行为期三年的研究。在这座城市建立之前数百年，美洲原住民就已经掌握了水管理的艺术，用数千英里的手工挖掘运河灌溉沙漠。 这些居民被考古学家称为霍霍卡姆人（Hohokam），他们的后裔是今天居住在该地区的奥丹人（皮马人）。 霍霍卡姆区域体系在公元 1000 年至 1070 年的中期定居时期达到顶峰，当时它横跨索诺兰沙漠约 80,000 平方公里。 吉拉河中游的陶器专家为这个庞大的系统提供了数千艘船只，以换取周围群体的农产品。 这种大规模的手工艺生产通常与复杂的社会、行会和大规模生产技术相关。 然而，霍霍卡姆人相对平等，既没有城市，也没有广泛的劳动分工，也没有明显的社会分层。那么，在没有更复杂的社会系统的情况下，霍霍卡姆定居时期的生产是如何组织起来以创造更大的规模经济的呢？ 当前研究的目标是测试与该问题相关的两个相互竞争的假设。 第一个建议是多个社区独立生产陶瓷。 更多的社区被纳入该系统，但陶器制造分散在多个村庄，这些村庄将其产品直接交易给外部消费者。 第二个提出陶瓷制造高度集中在一个或几个村庄，并由其他村庄提供原材料。 这两种假设都可以解释高水平的陶瓷产量，但后者意味着更高水平的村庄间协调，以牺牲新兴的聚居等级制度为代价创造更大的规模经济。 将通过对原材料和陶瓷制品进行地球化学和岩相学检查来测试相互竞争的假设，以确定霍霍卡姆如何取得如此巨大的经济和生产成功。 这项研究的智力价值在于有机会探索像霍霍卡姆这样的中产阶级社会手工艺生产和经济集约化之间的关系。 该研究将提供关键信息，说明生产效率的提高是否先于（而不是随后）更复杂的政治发展。 希拉河印第安社区保留地的工作将在其文化资源管理计划的监督下进行。 希拉河印第安社区和南卫理公会大学之间的合作扩大了代表性不足的群体对考古学的参与，同时加强了研究和教育基础设施。