Community Phylogeny and Global Phylogeography of the Neuston

诺斯顿的群落系统发育和全球系统发育地理学

• 批准号: 0850625
• 负责人: Diarmaid O'Foighil
• 金额: $ 38.18万
• 依托单位: Regents of the University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-06-01 至 2013-09-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0850625&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Community; Phylogeny; Global; Phylogeography; Neuston

"This award is funded under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Public Law 111-5)."This project aims to construct the first marine community phylogeny. It is inspired by the integrative perspective that lies at the core of the modern concept of biodiversity. Empirical realization of this integration requires that study systems be simple enough to be tractable, yet (ideally) contain compelling ecological and evolutionary phenomena. The target marine community, the neuston, embodies these characteristics to an exceptional degree. It consists of a relatively small number of interacting species that drift at the water/atmosphere interface of the planet's subtropical gyres (40% of oceanic surface area) and play an important role in open-ocean epipelagic food webs. The ecological base of the neuston community is an endosymbiosis involving chondrophore cnidarian hosts (Porpitidae) and their dinoflagellate photosymbionts. Chondrophores are preyed upon by a variety of predators, chief among them two lineages of highly specialized gastropods (Janthinidae and Glaucinae). This prominent open ocean community has been poorly studied, apart from its resident insect genus Halobates. The investigator aims to complete a combined phylogeny/phylogeography of neuston taxa across three trophic levels (photosymbionts, chondrophore hosts, predatory gastropods) and all 5 subtropical gyre systems. The two main goals of the community phylogeny section are to determine the evolutionary origins of the photosymbiosis, and to establish the benthic sister lineages of both gastropod lineages in order to identify the synapomorphic changes associated with ancestral ecological transitions from benthos to neuston. The primary aims of the phylogeographic section are to establish the spatial scale of speciation for the target neustonic taxa, and to test three hypotheses of within-species genetic structuring: global panmixis; ocean basin panmixis; within gyre panmixis. The investigator has developed a multi-faceted sampling strategy that involves ichthyoplankton research colleagues in multiple gyres systems, the bi-coastal, ocean-going ships and students of the Woods Hole Semester at Sea program, national and international museum collections, and an informal network of colleagues worldwide that will sample spontaneous neuston stranding event. He has also established collaborative relationships with colleagues expert in cnidarian, nudibranch, caenogastropod and epitoniid diversity, who will work closely with him on their respective groups within the neuston and, for gastropods, also within benthic sister lineages. To-date, preliminary samples from 3 of the 5 gyres have yielded results that not only demonstrate the feasibility of the primary project goals, but also provide exciting initial insights into the generality of the photosymbiotic association, the putative benthic sister lineages of neustonic gastropods, the likely presence of cryptic species complexes, and the divergent patterns of among-gyre and among-basin genetic structuring exhibited by sister taxa.This project has an unusually extensive student outreach component in the form of the 100 Sea Education Association (SEA) undergraduates and high school students that will participate in multiple upcoming SSV Seamans & SSV Cramer cruises and who will collect neuston taxa. The investigator will provide detailed electronic feedback to the SEA courses, in the field, so that students will be able to connect the organisms they collect with the biogeographic and evolutionary hypotheses being testing, and to determine for themselves which hypotheses the available data reject, or corroborate. One graduate and three undergraduate UM students will receive in-depth training during this project. The graduate student, Celia Churchill, has participated in offshore neuston sampling, generated much of the preliminary data, and recently presented at her first scientific meeting. She will work/train with the P.I., and also with 4 expert collaborators, directly in their laboratories for 2 of them. One UM undergraduate student has already worked directly on this project and the investigator will recruit at least two more. Substantial international outreach and collaborative activities are planned across research specialties, especially involving ichthyoplankton colleagues working in different gyre systems, as well as international museum colleagues. This study promises to significantly enhance background knowledge of the vast subtropical gyre surface ecosystem, now heavily impacted, even in mid-ocean, by the incremental accumulation of non-biodegradable, plastic flotsam. This is a major new marine conservation issue that is just now entering public discourse, e.g., see recent descriptions of the North Pacific's Giant Garbage Patch in the popular press.

“该奖项是根据2009年《美国复苏与再投资法》（公法111-5）资助的。”该项目旨在建造第一个海洋社区的系统发育。它的灵感来自现代生物多样性概念的核心的综合观点。这种整合的经验实现要求研究系统足够简单以至于可以易于处理，但（理想情况下）包含了令人信服的生态和进化现象。目标海洋社区Neuston在特殊程度上体现了这些特征。它由相对较少的相互作用物种组成，这些物种在地球亚热带回旋（海洋表面积40％）的水/气氛界面上漂移，并在开放海洋表皮外食物网中起重要作用。 Neuston社区的生态基础是一个涉及软骨小体宿主（porpitidae）及其鞭毛藻的光照射的内共生。多种捕食者捕食了软骨体，其中首席是两个高度专业的胃足（Janthinidae和Glaucinae）的谱系。除了其常驻昆虫halobates外，这个著名的开放海洋社区的研究很差。研究者的目的是完成三个营养水平（光电疗法，软骨宿主，捕食性胃足）和全部5个亚热带陀螺系统的新斯顿分类群的合并系统发育/植物地理学。社区系统发育部分的两个主要目标是确定光合物的进化起源，并建立两种腹足类动物谱系的底栖姊妹谱系，以确定与从山enthos到Neuston的祖先生态过渡相关的突触变化。植物地理学部分的主要目的是建立目标新自我分类单元的物种形成的空间尺度，并检验物种内部遗传结构的三个假设：全球panmixis;海盆panmixis;在Gyre Panmixis中。该研究者已经制定了一种多面的抽样策略，该策略涉及多个Gyres系统，双层，远洋的船只和伍兹霍尔学期的学生，国家和国际博物馆集合中的伍兹孔学期的学生以及全球范围内的非正式同事网络，将采样SEPONTANE NEUSTANES NEUSTONES NEUSTANES cOMET。他还与Cnidarian，Nudibranch，Caenogastropod和Epitoniid多样性的同事专家建立了合作关系，他们将与他在Neuston的各自团体中紧密合作，并在底栖姐妹群中与胃足类动物一起。 To-date, preliminary samples from 3 of the 5 gyres have yielded results that not only demonstrate the feasibility of the primary project goals, but also provide exciting initial insights into the generality of the photosymbiotic association, the putative benthic sister lineages of neustonic gastropods, the likely presence of cryptic species complexes, and the divergent patterns of among-gyre and among-basin genetic structuring exhibited by sister Taxa。该项目以100 Sea Education Association（SEA）的本科生和高中生的形式具有广泛的学生外展部分，该项目将参加多个即将到来的SSV SEAMANS＆SSV CRAMER CRAMER CRAMER，并将收集Neuston Taxa。研究人员将在现场向海洋课程提供详细的电子反馈，以便学生能够将收集的生物与正在测试的生物地理学和进化假设联系起来，并确定自己拒绝可用数据或佐证的可用数据。在这个项目中，一名毕业生和三名本科学生将接受深入的培训。研究生Celia Churchill参加了新的Neuston采样，产生了许多初步数据，最近在她的第一次科学会议上介绍了。她将与P.I.一起工作/培训，还将与4位专家合作者合作，直接在其实验室中为其中2个工作。一名UM本科生已经直接从事该项目，调查员将至少招募两个。计划在研究专业中进行大量国际外展和协作活动，尤其是涉及在不同GYRE系统以及国际博物馆同事中工作的鱼thyoplankton同事。这项研究有望显着增强对广泛的亚热带回旋表面生态系统的背景知识，该生态系统现在通过不可生物降解的塑料浮动物的逐步积累，即使在海洋中部也受到了重大影响。这是一个主要的新海洋保护问题，目前刚刚进入公开话语，例如，请参阅北太平洋在大众媒体上对北太平洋巨型垃圾贴片的最新描述。