Phylogeography of Capuchins, Squirrel Monkeys and Owl Monkeys: A Critical Comparative Framework for Studying Evolution, Behavioral Ecology, and Conservation in Neotropical Primates

卷尾猴、松鼠猴和猫头鹰猴的系统发育地理学：研究新热带灵长类动物进化、行为生态学和保护的重要比较框架

• 批准号: 0742441
• 负责人: Jessica Lynch
• 金额: $ 24.99万
• 依托单位: Washington State University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2008
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2008-04-01 至 2008-09-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0742441&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Phylogeography; Capuchins; Squirrel; Monkeys; Owl

Squirrel monkeys, owl monkeys and capuchin monkeys, collectively called the Cebines, are of particular interest to anthropologists and behavioral ecologists because of diverse social organization and activity patterns, a varied capacity for social learning, and (in the case of capuchin monkeys) parallels to apes and humans in tool use, large brain size, and strategic thinking. They are also the most important model Neotropical primates used in biomedical research, and have been key in our understanding of malarial infection, color vision, cocaine addiction, and ovarian function. However, the utility of the Cebines as model systems could be enhanced greatly if we understood the evolutionary relationships among current populations. In fact, to date, there is no well-supported molecular or morphological hypothesis of evolutionary relationships among populations or species within these genera, and so present interpretations of variation in their behavior, physiology, morphology and life history characteristics lack an evolutionary framework. For example, we know some capuchin populations use tools in the wild and others do not, but we do not know enough about capuchin phylogenetics to estimate how many times or how long ago tool use evolved, or what physical or life history characteristics have evolved in tandem with the acquisition of tool use. One important contribution of this project will be to provide an explicit evolutionary framework to orient the increasing number of researchers in their biomedical, behavioral ecology, and conservation biology studies of these taxa. To this end, using a comparative approach, this research project will create the first detailed molecular phylogenies and biogeographic analyses for the Cebines. These genera are widespread and sympatric across much of Latin America. We will sequence DNA from specimens across the entire geographic range, and then use statistical phylogenetic methods to generate robust phylogenetic hypotheses for each genus. We will examine the pattern and distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes to test biogeography hypotheses using a historical and paleogeological framework. Our protocol is 1) to extract, amplify and sequence three mitochondrial genes from Cebine tissues across Latin America; 2) to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships within and across each genus using parsimony, likelihood and Bayesian approaches; 3) to use fossil calibrations to produce a time tree for Cebines, and 4) to conduct biogeographic and comparative analyses within this framework. This research will resolve long-standing questions in physical anthropology about the phylogenetic relationships of the Neotropical primates. This project will also impact the field of biogeography in both theory and methodology through our use of new laboratory methods for DNA extraction and amplification from degraded tissues. Our optimization of protocols for DNA extraction and amplification from museum tissues can serve the scientific community, by making these types of specimen more accessible and economical for use in scientific inquiry. At least three areas of data analysis in this study are cutting edge and will be of significant influence to both anthropologists and biologists working on phylogenetics and biogeography. These include our use of new Bayesian modeling applications for estimating divergence time; our joint estimation of alignment and phylogeny for sequences containing indels; and our comparison of the efficacy of several new event-based and model-based techniques for inferring biogeographic history. This research will provide international field and laboratory experiences for both undergraduates and undergraduates. It will also enhance molecular lab techniques and data analysis techniques in the international primatology community through strong collaborative research among U.S. and Latin American researchers. An important applied aspect of this research is the development of a rigorous, quantitative assessment tool to measure the distribution of biodiversity of the target taxa across populations, to be used for conservation priority assessment of widely distributed taxa.

松鼠猴子，猫头鹰猴和卷尾猴猴子，共同称为cebines，是人类学家和行为生态学家特别感兴趣的，因为社会组织多样化，社会学习能力的能力，以及（在Capuchin Monkeys的情况下）与众不同。猿类和人类在工具使用中，大脑大小和战略思维。它们也是生物医学研究中使用的最重要模型的新热带灵长类动物，并且是我们对疟疾感染，色觉，可卡因成瘾和卵巢功能的关键。 但是，如果我们了解当前人群之间的进化关系，则可以大大增强Cebines作为模型系统的效用。实际上，迄今为止，这些属内人群或物种之间的进化关系没有得到充分支持的分子或形态学假设，因此对其行为，生理，生理学，形态和生活历史特征的变化进行了解释，缺乏进化框架。例如，我们知道有些卷尾卷种群在野外使用工具，而另一些人则没有使用工具，但是我们对卷尾卷系统发育学的了解不足以估计工具使用了多少次或多长时与获取工具的使用相连。 该项目的一项重要贡献是提供一个明确的进化框架，以使研究人员在其生物医学，行为生态学和保护生物学研究中的越来越多。 为此，使用比较方法，该研究项目将为Cebines创建第一个详细的分子系统发育和生物地理分析。这些属在拉丁美洲的大部分地区都很广泛和同胞。 我们将在整个地理范围内的标本中对DNA进行序列DNA，然后使用统计系统发育方法来为每个属产生强大的系统发育假设。我们将使用历史和古地质框架来检查线粒体单倍型的模式和分布以检验生物地理假设。我们的方案是1）从拉丁美洲的Cebine组织中提取，扩增和序列三个线粒体基因； 2）使用简约，可能性和贝叶斯方法重建每个属内部和整个属的系统发育关系； 3）使用化石校准为cebine生成时间树，以及4）在此框架内进行生物地理和比较分析。这项研究将解决有关新热带灵长类动物的系统发育关系的物理人类学的长期问题。 该项目还将通过使用新的实验室方法来从理论和方法论中影响生物地理领域，从而从降解组织中提取DNA提取和扩增。我们通过使这些类型的标本更容易访问和经济用于科学探究来优化博物馆组织中DNA提取和扩增的协议可以为科学界服务。这项研究中至少有三个数据分析领域是最前沿的，对人类学家和生物地理学的人类学家和生物学家都有重大影响。其中包括我们使用新的贝叶斯建模应用程序来估计差异时间；我们对包含indels的序列的对齐和系统发育的联合估计；以及我们比较几种基于事件和基于模型的新技术来推断生物地理历史的功效。 这项研究将为大学生和本科生提供国际领域和实验室经验。 它还将通过美国和拉丁美洲研究人员之间的强大合作研究来增强国际灵长类动物学界的分子实验室技术和数据分析技术。 这项研究的一个重要应用是开发一种严格的定量评估工具，以衡量目标分类单元在人群中的生物多样性的分布，用于保护广泛分布的分类单元的优先级评估。