Collaborative Research: Residential Variability as an Indicator of Social Complexity in the Late Archaic (3000 to 1800 B.C.) in the Fortaleza Valley, Peru

合作研究：秘鲁福塔雷萨山谷古风晚期（公元前 3000 至 1800 年）的居住变异性作为社会复杂性的指标

• 批准号: 0542160
• 负责人: Jonathan Haas
• 金额: $ 11.5万
• 依托单位: Field Museum of Natural History
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2006
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2006-07-01 至 2009-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0542160&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Residential; Variability; Indicator

Sponsored by the National Science Foundation, the international team of Winifred Creamer, Alvaro Ruiz and Jonathan Haas are investigating the beginning stages in the evolution of complex societies in South America. Early stages of development of one of the first civilizations to arise anywhere in the Americas, is to be found in a small cluster of valleys on the Pacific coast of Peru, known at the Norte Chico. Previous NSF-supported work helped to confirm the presence of more than 30 major ceremonial centers in the Norte Chico, all occupied between 3100 and 1800 B.C.The intellectual merit of the project will be to test current theories about the role of economic organization in the origins of complex societies by focusing on two aspects of this ancient occupation in the Norte Chico: diet and social status. One of the major questions concerning the beginnings of complex, centralized society on the coast of Peru is the relative importance of marine resources (fish and shellfish) vs. domesticated plants (corn, beans, squash and fruits) in the diet of the 3rd millennium B.C. To recover the remains of past diet, excavations will be made in domestic housing at two sites in the Norte Chico. In this desert landscape refuse is well-preserved and these ancient houses will yield a wide range of materials that can be analyzed to reconstruct diet. These include remains of plants and animals, as well as less obvious evidence such as pollen, phytoliths (mineralized plant remains), starch grains, and coprolites (feces). Together these remains will provide a scientific foundation for reconstructing the diet of the people and revealing the relative importance of domesticated plants and marine resources.The second focus of the project will be to gain knowledge about the nature of social organization in these centers. Surface indications at the two target sites point to the possible presence of three different social ranks: an elite group with formal complexes of large rooms constructed of carefully masoned and plastered stone walls; a middle rank of houses with smaller rooms constructed of stone, mud and cane; and a lower rank of temporary rooms constructed of cane matting. A sample of each type of housing will be excavated at each site and the architectural and artifactual results will be analyzed to examine possible differences in activities and consumption between the three types of housing. A broad range of questions will be answered through this work: Are different kinds of tools associated with one type of house and not the others? Do some families eat better or eat distinct foods? Do some people live at the sites year-round while others come in seasonally? The research in the Norte Chico has a broader impact extending beyond the history of the region. The ultimate goal is to provide insight into how and why human societies came to be socially stratified and politically centralized. The excavations will directly examine the respective roles of agricultural production and marine exploitation in an emerging complex economy and show how societies come to be socially ranked with distinct groups of leaders and followers.

在美国国家科学基金会的资助下，威妮弗雷德·克里默 (Winifred Creamer)、阿尔瓦罗·鲁伊斯 (Alvaro Ruiz) 和乔纳森·哈斯 (Jonathan Haas) 组成的国际团队正在研究南美洲复杂社会演化的初始阶段。 美洲最早出现的文明之一的早期发展阶段可以在秘鲁太平洋沿岸的一小群山谷中发现，即北奇科。之前 NSF 支持的工作有助于确认 Norte Chico 存在 30 多个主要仪式中心，这些中心均在公元前 3100 年至 1800 年期间被占领。该项目的智力价值将是检验有关经济组织在起源中的作用的当前理论通过关注北奇科这一古老职业的两个方面：饮食和社会地位，了解复杂的社会。 关于秘鲁海岸复杂、集中的社会起源的主要问题之一是海洋资源（鱼类和贝类）与驯化植物（玉米、豆类、南瓜和水果）在第三个千年饮食中的相对重要性公元前 为了恢复过去饮食的遗迹，将在北奇科的两个地点的住宅内进行挖掘。 在这片沙漠景观中，垃圾保存完好，这些古老的房屋将产生各种可以分析以重建饮食的材料。 其中包括植物和动物的遗骸，以及不太明显的证据，如花粉、植硅体（矿化植物遗骸）、淀粉粒和粪化石（粪便）。 这些遗骸将为重建人们的饮食并揭示驯化植物和海洋资源的相对重要性提供科学基础。该项目的第二个重点将是了解这些中心社会组织的性质。 两个目标地点的表面迹象表明可能存在三种不同的社会阶层：精英群体，拥有由精心砌筑和抹灰的石墙建造的大房间的正式建筑群；中层房屋，房间较小，用石头、泥土和藤条建造；以及较低级别的由藤席建造的临时房间。 将在每个地点挖掘每种类型住房的样本，并对建筑和人工结果进行分析，以检查三种类型住房之间的活动和消费可能存在的差异。 这项工作将回答一系列广泛的问题：不同类型的工具是否与一种类型的房屋相关，而不与其他类型的房屋相关？ 有些家庭是否吃得更好或吃不同的食物？ 是否有些人全年居住在这些地点，而另一些人则季节性进入？ 北奇科的研究具有更广泛的影响，超越了该地区的历史。 最终目标是深入了解人类社会如何以及为何出现社会分层和政治集权。 这些发掘将直接考察农业生产和海洋开发在新兴复杂经济中各自的作用，并展示社会如何通过不同的领导者和追随者群体进行社会排名。