Biomechanics of suction feeding in teleost fishes

硬骨鱼吸食的生物力学

• 批准号: 0444554
• 负责人: Peter Wainwright
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of California-Davis
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2005
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2005-02-15 至 2009-01-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0444554&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Biomechanics; suction; feeding; teleost; fishes

Biomechanics of Suction Feeding in Teleost FishesPeter WainwrightUniversity of California, DavisThis research will investigate the fluid mechanics of aquatic suction feeding, the most commonly used method of prey capture among vertebrate animals. Suction feeding is found in aquatic species of every major group of land-dwelling vertebrates, and is the principal prey-capture mechanism used by bony fishes, a group that makes up over half of all vertebrate species. This behavior involves the explosive expansion of the mouth and oral cavity to accelerate water and prey into the mouth. Suction flows exert forces on prey, transporting them to the predator, and these flows determine the success of suction feeders. Because of the technical challenges associated with observing high-speed water motion, very few direct observations of suction feeding flows have been made. The purpose of this project is to study these water flow patterns using new technologies and to study the mechanics of predator prey interactions. By contributing basic knowledge about how animals manipulate the water they live in to capture food this research will contribute to our understanding of a major period in vertebrate evolution and will deepen our insight into the relationship between skull design and feeding ecology and evolution in teleost fishes. A mathematical computational fluid dynamic model will be further developed and used in conjunction with experimental flow visualization by Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) to characterize the temporal and spatial distribution of suction flows and how they influence suction feeding performance. DPIV uses a laser light sheet about 5 cm in width and 2 mm thick to illuminate neutrally buoyant particles in the water. High speed video (500 - 1000 images/s) is directed at this light sheet and water motion is visualized by tracking the particles suspended in the water. Computer programs are used to precisely infer water velocity patterns by analyzing consecutive video images of particle motion. The effect of forward swimming behavior during suction feeding (termed 'ram feeding') on the water flow pattern created by suction will be measured. In addition, the forces exerted on prey by suction flows will be measured both by inferences from the water flow patterns and directly through the use of force transducers to test the hypothesis that the acceleration reaction, a previously ignored force that is generated by flows of changing velocity, outpaces the more familiar drag forces that are experienced by prey caught in a flow. An important role for accelerationreaction may greatly alter the picture of forces that are experienced by prey, and may help to explain the explosive nature of suction feeding, which can occur in less than 10 msec, one of the fastest feeding behaviors seen in vertebrates. A second part of the project will be directed at understanding the variation among fish species in suction feeding performance. Four species in the freshwater fish family Centrarchidae will be studied representing the range of suction feeding abilities known in this family. A parallel series of four species of the Cichlidae representing a similar range of ecomorphological diversity will also be studied. Peak suction flow capacity will be measured for each species using DPIV while mouth and oral expansion will be measured using an ultrasound method, sonomicrometry, that permits precise quantification of changes in the internal dimensions of the oral cavity during feeding. Broader impacts of this project may involve application of information on unsteady flows to enhance forces exerted on target bodies in the development of surgical suction devices. This research will provide training for a postdoctoral researcher, a female graduate student, and an undergraduate from an underrepresented group. The postdoc will gain teaching experience and the graduate student will design a laboratory exercise on aquatic feeding for use in a course on vertebrate evolution. A website will be developed that provides information about suction feeding and movie clips of feeding fish for use by university instructors in organismal biology courses.

硬骨鱼类吸食的生物力学彼得·温赖特加州大学戴维斯分校这项研究将研究水生吸食的流体力学，这是脊椎动物中最常用的捕获猎物的方法。吸食性存在于每一个主要陆生脊椎动物类群的水生物种中，并且是硬骨鱼（占所有脊椎动物物种一半以上）使用的主要猎物捕获机制。这种行为涉及口腔和口腔的爆炸性扩张，以加速水和猎物进入口腔。吸力流对猎物施加力，将它们输送给捕食者，这些流量决定了吸力喂食器的成功。由于观察高速水运动存在技术挑战，因此很少对吸力供给流进行直接观察。该项目的目的是利用新技术研究这些水流模式，并研究捕食者与猎物相互作用的机制。通过提供有关动物如何操纵其生活的水来捕获食物的基本知识，这项研究将有助于我们了解脊椎动物进化的一个主要时期，并将加深我们对硬骨鱼头骨设计与摄食生态和进化之间关系的了解。将进一步开发数学计算流体动力学模型，并将其与数字粒子图像测速（DPIV）的实验流可视化结合使用，以表征吸力流的时间和空间分布以及它们如何影响吸力进给性能。 DPIV 使用约 5 厘米宽、2 毫米厚的激光灯片来照射水中的中性浮力颗粒。高速视频（500 - 1000 图像/秒）投射到该光片上，通过跟踪悬浮在水中的颗粒来可视化水的运动。计算机程序通过分析粒子运动的连续视频图像来精确推断水流速度模式。将测量吸力喂食期间向前游泳行为（称为“公羊喂食”）对吸力产生的水流模式的影响。此外，吸力流对猎物施加的力将通过水流模式的推论来测量，并直接通过使用力传感器来测试加速反作用力的假设，这是一种先前被忽视的力，它是由变化的水流产生的。速度，超过了被困在水流中的猎物所经历的更常见的阻力。加速反应的重要作用可能会极大地改变猎物所经历的力的情况，并可能有助于解释吸食的爆炸性本质，吸食可以在不到 10 毫秒的时间内发生，这是脊椎动物中最快的进食行为之一。该项目的第二部分将旨在了解鱼类吸食性能的差异。将研究淡水鱼科的四个物种，代表该科已知的吸食能力范围。还将研究代表相似生态形态多样性范围的丽鱼科四种物种的平行系列。将使用 DPIV 测量每个物种的峰值吸入流量，同时将使用超声波方法（声测法）测量口腔和口腔扩张，该方法可以精确量化喂养期间口腔内部尺寸的变化。该项目的更广泛影响可能涉及应用非定常流信息来增强手术吸引装置开发中施加在目标身体上的力。这项研究将为一名博士后研究员、一名女研究生和一名来自代表性不足群体的本科生提供培训。博士后将获得教学经验，研究生将设计一个关于水生喂养的实验室练习，用于脊椎动物进化课程。将开发一个网站，提供有关吸食喂养的信息和喂鱼的电影剪辑，供大学教师在有机生物学课程中使用。