Biomechanics of suction feeding in teleost fishes

硬骨鱼吸食的生物力学

• 批准号: 0444554
• 负责人: Peter Wainwright
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of California-Davis
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2005
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2005-02-15 至 2009-01-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0444554&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Biomechanics; suction; feeding; teleost; fishes

Biomechanics of Suction Feeding in Teleost FishesPeter WainwrightUniversity of California, DavisThis research will investigate the fluid mechanics of aquatic suction feeding, the most commonly used method of prey capture among vertebrate animals. Suction feeding is found in aquatic species of every major group of land-dwelling vertebrates, and is the principal prey-capture mechanism used by bony fishes, a group that makes up over half of all vertebrate species. This behavior involves the explosive expansion of the mouth and oral cavity to accelerate water and prey into the mouth. Suction flows exert forces on prey, transporting them to the predator, and these flows determine the success of suction feeders. Because of the technical challenges associated with observing high-speed water motion, very few direct observations of suction feeding flows have been made. The purpose of this project is to study these water flow patterns using new technologies and to study the mechanics of predator prey interactions. By contributing basic knowledge about how animals manipulate the water they live in to capture food this research will contribute to our understanding of a major period in vertebrate evolution and will deepen our insight into the relationship between skull design and feeding ecology and evolution in teleost fishes. A mathematical computational fluid dynamic model will be further developed and used in conjunction with experimental flow visualization by Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) to characterize the temporal and spatial distribution of suction flows and how they influence suction feeding performance. DPIV uses a laser light sheet about 5 cm in width and 2 mm thick to illuminate neutrally buoyant particles in the water. High speed video (500 - 1000 images/s) is directed at this light sheet and water motion is visualized by tracking the particles suspended in the water. Computer programs are used to precisely infer water velocity patterns by analyzing consecutive video images of particle motion. The effect of forward swimming behavior during suction feeding (termed 'ram feeding') on the water flow pattern created by suction will be measured. In addition, the forces exerted on prey by suction flows will be measured both by inferences from the water flow patterns and directly through the use of force transducers to test the hypothesis that the acceleration reaction, a previously ignored force that is generated by flows of changing velocity, outpaces the more familiar drag forces that are experienced by prey caught in a flow. An important role for accelerationreaction may greatly alter the picture of forces that are experienced by prey, and may help to explain the explosive nature of suction feeding, which can occur in less than 10 msec, one of the fastest feeding behaviors seen in vertebrates. A second part of the project will be directed at understanding the variation among fish species in suction feeding performance. Four species in the freshwater fish family Centrarchidae will be studied representing the range of suction feeding abilities known in this family. A parallel series of four species of the Cichlidae representing a similar range of ecomorphological diversity will also be studied. Peak suction flow capacity will be measured for each species using DPIV while mouth and oral expansion will be measured using an ultrasound method, sonomicrometry, that permits precise quantification of changes in the internal dimensions of the oral cavity during feeding. Broader impacts of this project may involve application of information on unsteady flows to enhance forces exerted on target bodies in the development of surgical suction devices. This research will provide training for a postdoctoral researcher, a female graduate student, and an undergraduate from an underrepresented group. The postdoc will gain teaching experience and the graduate student will design a laboratory exercise on aquatic feeding for use in a course on vertebrate evolution. A website will be developed that provides information about suction feeding and movie clips of feeding fish for use by university instructors in organismal biology courses.

戴维斯这项研究将调查水上吸力喂养的流体机制，这是脊椎动物中最常用的猎物捕获方法。吸入喂养是在每个主要居住脊椎动物的水生植物中都发现的，并且是骨鱼使用的主要猎物捕获机制，骨鱼使用了所有脊椎动物的一半以上。这种行为涉及口腔和口腔的爆炸性膨胀，以加速水并捕食口腔。吸力流在猎物上施加力，将其运送到捕食者，这些流动决定吸入器的成功。由于与观察高速水运动相关的技术挑战，很少有直接观察吸力喂养流。该项目的目的是使用新技术研究这些水流模式，并研究捕食者猎物相互作用的机制。通过贡献有关动物如何操纵他们所居住的水以捕获食物的基本知识，这项研究将有助于我们对脊椎动物进化的主要时期的理解，并将加深我们对骨头设计与喂食生态学和遗嘱植物进化之间关系的洞察力。数学计算流体动力学模型将进一步开发并与数字粒子图像速度法（DPIV）结合使用，以表征吸力流的时间和空间分布以及它们如何影响吸力进食性能。 DPIV使用宽度约5厘米的激光片和厚2毫米，以照亮水中中性浮力的颗粒。高速视频（500-1000张图像/s）针对此轻板，通过跟踪悬浮在水中的颗粒来可视化水运动。计算机程序用于通过分析连续的粒子运动视频图像来精确推断水速度模式。将测量吸力进料过程（称为“ RAM喂食”）对抽吸产生的水流模式的前进游泳行为的影响。此外，通过抽吸流在猎物上施加的力将通过从水流模式的推论和直接使用力传感器来测试以下假设，即加速反应是通过改变速度的流动产生的加速反应的假设，它是改变速度的流动，它占据了较熟悉的阻力，而较熟悉的阻力却被宠物捕获在流动中。加速反应的重要作用可能会极大地改变猎物所经历的力的图片，并可能有助于解释吸力喂养的爆炸性，这可能在少于10毫秒内发生，这是脊椎动物中最快的喂养行为之一。该项目的第二部分将旨在了解吸力进食性能中鱼类物种之间的变化。将研究淡水鱼类家族中的四个物种，代表该家族中已知的吸力喂养能力范围。还将研究代表类似生态形态多样性的四种丽鱼科的平行系列。将使用DPIV测量每个物种的峰值吸气流量，而口腔和口腔膨胀将使用超声法，Sonomicrepry测量，该方法允许精确地量化进食过程中口腔内部尺寸的变化。该项目的更广泛的影响可能涉及应用于不稳定流的信息，以增强手术吸入设备开发目标物体上的力。这项研究将为博士后研究人员，女研究生以及来自代表性不足的小组的本科生提供培训。博士后将获得教学经验，研究生将设计一项实验室练习，以用于脊椎动物进化课程。将开发一个网站，提供有关吸力喂食和电影剪辑的信息，以供有机生物学课程的大学讲师使用。